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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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A HAND-BOOK 



OF 



Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



FOR 



Dentists and Dental Students. 



1 v 

BY DZR. STUBBLEFIELD, A.M., M.D., D.D.S., 

Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Dental Department 
of Vanderbilt University. 



*.*- 



"A FAIR TRIAL; THEN, LYNCH HIM." 



NASHVILIiE, Tenn.: 

Printed at the Southern Methodist Publishing House, 

for the author. 

1882. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by 

D. R. STUBBLEFIELD, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Preface. 



No apology is made for entering an almost unoc- 
cupied field. Text-books, full enough yet brief, 
explicit yet terse, are a necessity to students. In 
the opinion of some, the dentist needs but a few 
articles of materia medica; those who are abreast 
with the age know better. "Dentistry," said a 
learned dental instructor, "has had three epochs, 
viz. : institutive, when to make a set of teeth fit 
was the highest perfection; reparative, when to 
save by filling was the best practice; and the pres- 
ent, when the intelligent treatment of the teeth and 
surrounding structures, according to the laws of 
medicine and surgery, is the highest qualification." 
Scientific dentists know that special therapeutics 
is but contemptible when compared to the broad 
principle underlying general medicine. Dental 
education of to-day looks to generous cultivation. 

No claim is urged for cyclopedic exhaustiveness. 

The effort has been made to present those articles 

necessary to make a foundation. To this end the 

work is offered dental students and practitioners. 

Hopeful of appreciation, to them and to students of 

medicine in general the volume is consigned by 

The Author. 
Nashville, Tenn., Sept., 1882. 



DEDICATION. 



With Esteem and Love, 

I INSCRIBE THIS WORK TO 

PBOFS. T. A. ATCHISON AND W. H. MOKGAN, 

My Intelligent Instructors and Venerated Friends. 

D. E. STUBBLEFIELD. 



A HAND-BOOK 

OF 

Materia Medic^ and Therapeutics. 



ACACIA. — Gum Arabic. 

Origin. — Gummy exudation from Acacia Verek, 
Guil. et PerotL, Acacia Senegal, Willd., and other 
species of Acacia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Mi- 
mosse. 

Habitat. — Eastern Africa, principally Kordofan; 
Western Africa, near the River Senegal. 

Constituents. — Arabic acid, combined with cal- 
cium, magnesium, and potassium; ash 3 to 4 per 
cent. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Syrupus Acacise, used as a vehicle. 
Mucilago Acacise, used as a vehicle. 

Actions and Uses. — Demulcent, slightly nourish- 
ing. 

ACIDUM ACETUM GLACIALE, B. P. 

Glacial Acetic Acid. 

ACIDUM ACETUM, U. S., B. P. 

Acetic Acid. Specific gravity 1.047. A color- 

(5) 



Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 



less liquid, having a strong acid reaction and pun- 
gent odor. It is derived from two sources: (1) the 
acetous fermentation of alcohol, and (2) the de- 
structive distillation of hard wood. The former 
furnishes the varieties of vinegar, the latter the acid 
under consideration. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
Acidum Acetum Dilutum (fgij to Oi). Dose, f 3i-ij. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates. In poisoning, they are to be followed 
by copious draughts of warm water rendered alka- 
line with soap. 

Synergists. — Mineral and vegetable acids. 

Actions and Uses. — Glacial acid, a popular caustic, 
especially for venereal warts; also, vesicant and ru- 
bifacient. The diluted acid is refrigerant. Largely 
used in pharmacy. 



ACIDUM AKSENIOSUM.— Arsenious Acid. 

Sublimed arsenious acid in masses, IT. S. 
(See Arsenicum.) 



ACIDUM BENZOICUM.— Benzoic Acid. 

"White, feathery crystals, of a peculiar, agreeable 
odor, and w T arm, acidulous taste; sparingly soluble 
in cold water, more soluble in boiling water, which 
deposits it in part on cooling, and very soluble in 
alcohol." (See Benzoin.) 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 7 

ACIDUM BORACIC UM.— Boracic Acid. 

" Glittering, white, scaly crystals, soluble in twen- 
ty-six parts of cold and in three parts of warm water, 
and is freely soluble in alcohol." 

Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic and deodorant. It 
arrests fermentations and putrefactive decomposi- 
tions, is destructive to minute organisms — bacteria, 
vibrio, etc. To w r ounds, it is free from irritating 
effects, lessens suppuration, and prevents decompo- 
sition. Important in antiseptic methods. Just as 
effective as carbolic acid, and even less irritating 
than salicylic acid. It is largely used in antiseptic 
cotton-dressings to wounds. 

Mr. Lister used boracic solutions with great suc- 
cess in pruritus ani, ulcers, burns, eczemas, etc. 

It may be employed in all the various forms and 
combinations in which carbolic and salicylic acids 
are now used. 

ACLDUM CARBOLfCUM IMPURUM, U. S. 

Impure Carbolic Acid. 
Used externally, or as a disinfectant. 

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM, U. S. 

Carbolic Acid. HC 6 H 5 0. 

Synonyms. — Phenic Acid, Oxybenzine, Phenyl 
Hydrate, Phenol. 

Laurent's method (1844) obtained it from coal-tar 



Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



by destructive distillation, between 300° and 400° F., 
and subsequent purification. Occurs in colorless 
acicular crystals, that become an oily fluid at 95° F.; 
sp. gr. 1.065; resembles creasote in odor, taste, and 
other properties; soluble in warm water, less in 
cold, but is freely soluble in glycerine, alcohol, and 
ether, in all proportions. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici. Dose, m.x-xl. 
Unguentum Acidi Carbolici (3i to Si). 

Antagonists and- Incompatibles. — Alkalies almost 
check its physiological action. Saccharate of lime, 
or lime, freely given, is the best antidote. As there 
is no chemical antidote after absorption, toxic symp- 
toms are to be treated on general principles. Local 
effect is lessened by vegetable demulcents, but not by 
oils and glycerine. 

Synergists. — Corrosives and antiseptics, physiolog- 
ically. 

Actions and Uses. — Generally a local application. 
Stimulant, sedative, irritant, styptic, antiseptic, es- 
charotic; coagulates the albumen of tissues; ob- 
tunds exposed nerve-pulp, or even destroys it. 

For itching of the skin from any cause, sponge 
with: #. Acidi Carb., f3iss; glycerinse, fgi; aquse 
vel aquse rosse, ad fSviij. M. Ordinary mouth- 
wash: #. Acidi Carb., gtt. viij; aq. menthse, rosae 
vel des till at, f3i. M. Antiseptic lotion: R. Acidi 
Carbol., 3i; glycerine, 3i. M. Listerian spray: #. 
Acidi Carbol., f3i: aqure, Oi. M. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 



ACIDUM CHROMICUM, U. B. 

Chromic Acid — Cr0 3 . 

Occurs in crimson-red crystals. Formed by the 
action of sulphuric acid upon a saturated solution of 
potassa bichromate. 

Actions and Uses. — Oxidizing^ caustic, and escha- 
rotic; antiseptic. The destruction is comparatively 
painless, but remarkably penetrating and active. 

For the destruction of malignant growths, hemor- 
rhoids, warts, etc., should be made into paste with 
water. Part becomes first yellow, then brownish, 
then black; the eschar is detached in from twenty- 
four to forty-eight hours. 

Detergent wash for ulcerated gums: #. Acidi 
Chromici, gr. ss; aquse dest., f3i. M. 



ACIDUM GALLICUM, U. S. 
Gallic Acid. H 3 C 7 H 3 5 H 2 0. 

A silky crystalline substance, obtained by the ox- 
idation of tannic acid. Soluble in three parts boil- 
ing and one hundred parts cold water. Unlike 
tannic acid, does not precipitate with a solution of 
gelatine. With sesquioxide of iron, it produces a 
bluish -black precipitate, which loses its color by 
boiling, and is finally decomposed. 

Actions and Uses. — Astringent. Used in the per- 
sistent hemorrhage of hemorrhagic diathesis (Todd). 



10 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM, U. S. 
Hydrocyanic Acid; Prussic Acid. HCN". 



ACIDUM HYDROCIANICUM DILUTTJM,U. S. 

Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid. 

(A two per cent, solution of Hydrocyanic Acid in 

water.) 

A colorless liquid having a peculiar odor, and is 
wholly volatilized by heat. 

Dose of officinal two per cent., m.i-v. 

Antagonists and Incompatible s. — Metallic salts gen- 
erally; also, red oxide of mercury and the sulphides. 
Freshly precipitated sesquioxide of iron has been 
proposed as a chemical antidote, but it is too slow in 
its action to be effective. Cold affusion to the spine, 
inhalation of ammonia, are of greatest utility. Atro- 
pia has been proposed by Preyer as the physiolog- 
ical antidote; but it falls under the same objection 
of slow absorption. Artificial respiration should be 
promoted at once. 

Synergists. — The motor depressants, conium, aco- 
nite, etc. 

Actions and Use. — Motor depressant, heart seda- 
tive. As it is the most powerful and speedy poison, 
the greatest care should be taken in its administra- 
tion. 

Largely diluted, it is used for neuralgia and troub- 
lesome eczemas: #. Acidi hydrocyanici diluti, f3ij; 
glycerinse, fgi; aquae rosse, ad fgviij. M. ft. lotio. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 11 

Irritative dyspepsia (where it seems to be most 
effectual): #. Acidi hydrocyanici diluti, m.xxv; bis- 
muthi subnitrat., 3ss; syr. aurantii, fgi; infus. gen- 
tians, ad f 3 viij . M. Sig. Tablespoonful three times 
a day before eating. 

Irritable cough: #. Acidi hydrocyanic! diluti, 
m.xij; misturse amydalse, fgvi. M. Sig. Table- 
spoonful every hour when cough is worst. 



ACEDUM MURIATICITM, U. S. 
Muriatic Acid. HC1. Sp. gr. 1.16. 



ACIDUM MURIATICITM DILUTUM, IT. S. 
Dilute Muriatic Acid. Sp. gr. 1.038, IT. S. ; 1.052, Br. 

A nearly colorless, strongly acid liquid, emitting 
white vapors, having a pungent odor. Ordinary 
table-salt (sodium chloride) is one of the most im- 
portant sources from which muriatic acid is derived 
for commerce. When the sodium chloride is dis- 
tilled with water acidulated with sulphuric acid, the 
gas evolved is washed, and conducted into water till 
it absorbs it to the proper density. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 

Synergists. — Bitters. 

Actions and Uses. — Tonic, astringent, antiseptic, 
antipyretic, escharotic. 

The use in the mouth should be followed by alka- 
line washes to prevent destruction of teeth. 



12 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

Dyspepsia, where there is excessive production of 
gastric juice, is effectively treated with twenty-min- 
im doses of this acid, taken before meals. 

In the laboratory, to dissolve off zinc and borax, it 
is used as a "pickle." 



ACIDUM NITRICUM, IT. S., Br. 
Nitric Acid. HN0 3 . Sp. gr. 1.42. 

ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM, IT. S., Br. 
Dilute Nitric Acid. Sp. gr. 1.068, U. S. ; 1.101, Br. 

Synonym. — Aqua Fortis. 

An almost colorless liquid, fuming in the air 
pungent odor. Nitric acid is made by the action of 
sulphuric acid upon potassium or sodium nitrate; 
then, by proper dilution, the officinal is obtained. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 

Synergists. — Bitters. 

Actions and Uses. — Chemically pure, escharotic, 
corrosive; diluted, it is alterative, tonic, astringent, 
antipyretic. 

Obtunds the sensibility of exposed nerve -pulp, 
but great care must be taken to prevent its effect on 
the teeth. Local application to ill-conditioned sores. 
R. Acidi nitrici diluti, f3i ; aq. dest., Oij. M. This 
may be increased in strength somewhat. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 13 

ACIDUM NITRO-MURIATICUM, U. S. 
Nitro-muriatic Acid. 
Take nitric acid, three troy ounces; muriatic acid, 
five troy ounces. Mix in a glass vessel. When ef- 
fervescence has ceased, stop well, and keep secluded 
from light. U. S. 

ACIDUM NITRO-MURIATICUM DILUTUM, 

U.S. 

Diluted Nitro-muriatic Acid. 

Take nitric acid, one troy ounce and a-half; mu- 
riatic acid, two troy ounces and a-half; distilled 
water, sufficient quantity. Shake the acids together 
in a pint -measure, occasionally, for twenty -four 
hours; then add sufficient distilled water to make 
the diluted acid measure a pint. Keep in a cool 
place, protected from the light. U. S. 

Dose, two to fifteen drops, well diluted. 

Antagonists and Incornpatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 

Synergists. — Bitters. 

Actions and Uses. — Supposed to have elective ac- 
tion on the liver, and is used extensively in chronic 
derangements of that organ. The bath is recom- 
mended (six fluid ounces to each gallon of water) 
for the same disorders. 

Sluggish liver: fy. Acidi nitro-muriatici cliluti, 
f3ij; succi taraxaci, fgss; spiriti chloroformi, f3iss; 
aquse dest., adfgviij. M. Sig. Two tablespoonfuls 
three times daily. 



14 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM GLACIALE, IT. S. 

Glacial Phosphoric Acid. HP0 3 . 

A colorless, transparent, glass-like mass, obtained 
from bones with sulphuric acid by an elaborate 
chemical process. Deliquesces in the air, and is 
soluble in water and alcohol. 



ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. DILUTUM, 
U. S., Br. 

Dilute Phosphoric Acid. H 3 P0 4 . Sp. gr. 1.056, 
U. S.; 1.08, Br. 

Besides the methods by U. S. and Br. Pharmaco- 
poeias, there is an alternative process of the U. S.: 
Dissolve a troy ounce of glacial phosphoric acid in 
three fluid ounces of distilled water, adding to the 
solution forty grains of nitric acid, boiling it to a 
syrupy consistence, free from the nitric acid odor, 
then adding sufficient distilled water to make the 
diluted acid measure twelve fluid ounces and a-half. 

A colorless liquid, of acid taste and reaction. 
Dose, m.xx-f3i, well diluted. 

Antagonists and Incornpatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 

Synergists. — Bitters. 

Actions and Uses. — Tonic, alterative, in rickets and 
scrofula; excellent adjuvant in cough mixtures and 
tonics for the aged. The mistaken idea prevails to 
some extent that by its administration phosphorus 
may be introduced into the system. Phosphorus 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 15 

free is the only way to give it, and of this the acid 
has none. An acidulous drink may be made from 
it that is very refreshing in diabetes. 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 

Salicylic Acid. H 2 C 7 H 4 3 . 

Occurs as methyl-salicylic ether in the leaves of 
Gaultheria procumbens and Andromeda Lesche- 
naultii, and is formed from salicin, indigo, and some 
other organic matters, by adding them to hydrate of 
potassium, heated to fusion. It is at present ex- 
tensively prepared, according to Kolbe (1874), from 
carbolic acid. The acid appears in small acicular 
crystals, white, inodorous, and of a sweetish, acidu- 
lous, and somewhat acrid taste; sparingly soluble in 
cold, but freely so in boiling water; dissolves freely 
in wood-spirit, alcohol, and ether, especially when 
heated. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Combination with 
alkalies destroys its antiseptic power (Kolbe). 

Synergists.— -Those agents that are germ-destroy- 
ers — as carbolic, benzoic, and boracic acids. 

Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic, antipyretic, deo- 
dorizer. 

Less irritating than carbolic acid, it has been sub- 
stituted for it, in Lister's method, with success. 
Largely used in treatment of rheumatism. 

Disinfectant mouth-wash may be made from one 
part acid to three hundred parts distilled water; 
used also in ethereal solutions and dry powder. The 
salicylate of sodium is now the form preferred, be- 



16 Materia Medica ami Therapeutics 

cause of its solubility — sixty or seventy grains, at 
intervals of half an hour, being thought not too 
large. 



ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, U. S., Br. 

Sulphuric Acid; Oil of Vitriol. Sp. gr. 1.843. 

Formula: H 2 S0 4 . 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM,U.S.,Br. 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid. Sp. gr. 1.082 U. S., 1.094 Br. 

Take diluted sulphuric acid two troy ounces; dis- 
tilled water sufficient quantity. Add the acid grad- 
ually to fourteen fluid ounces of distilled water, and 
mix them. After twenty -four hours, filter through 
paper, and pass sufficient distilled water through 
the filter to make the diluted acid measure a pint. 
U.S. 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM, 

U. S., Br. 
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid; Elixir Vitriol. 

Take sulphuric acid six troy ounces; ginger, in 
moderately fine powder, one troy ounce; cinnamon, 
in moderately fine powder, one troy ounce and 
a-half; alcohol sufficient quantity. Add the acid 
gradually to a pint of alcohol, and allow the liquid 
to cool. Mix, and pack the ginger and cinnamon 
firmly in a percolator, pour on alcohol. Obtain a 
pint of tincture and mix with acid. U. S. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 17 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 

Synergists. — Bitters. 

Actions and Uses. — Sulphuric acid — escharotic, cor- 
rosive; diluted — tonic, refrigerant, astringent; aro- 
matic — tonic, refrigerant. 

For internal use only the diluted acid may be 
used; preferably the aromatic. 

In night-sweats, the aromatic, in ten to twenty 
minim doses, is highly recommended. 

Summer diarrhea, cholera, and dysentery: #. 
Morph. sulph., 31; acidi sulph. dil. vel aromat., f 3y ; 
morph. sulph., gr. i; aq. dest., f3iv. M. Sig. Ta- 
blespoonful every three or four hours. 

In lead-colic, the diluted or aromatic acid is effica- 
cious. 

The derangement of the digestion from its long- 
continued use is the contraindication. 



ACID TANNICUM, IT. S., Br. 

Tannic Acid; Tannin. C 14 H 10 O 9 . 

Obtained from the nutgall commercially; but is 
abundant in nature; appears in yellowish - white 
masses, or thin glistening scales, strongly astringent 
and acid reaction; readily soluble in water and rec- 
tified spirits, and six parts of glycerine; but spar- 
ingly so in ether. In the presence of alkalies or 
air its solutions turn brown. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, salts 
of antimony, lead, silver, and persalts of iron, and 

2 



18 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

alkalies, chemically. Vegetable alkaloids and gel- 
atine form insoluble precipitates. Lime-water, with 
which it forms tan n ate of lime; oxidizing agents 
generally, which rapidly change it to gallic acid. 
Solutions of albumen form with it an insoluble pre- 
cipitate. 

Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents that increase 
waste. 

Actions and Uses. — Astringent, styptic. It is the 
type and essence of vegetable astringency. 

Catarrh of the stomach, relaxed state of the mu- 
cous membrane, are conditions which indicate the 
exhibition of this agent. Heematemesis, depending 
on ulcer of the stomach or obstructive disease of the 
liver and not of inflammatory origin, is another field 
for its use. Diarrheas of almost every kind, and by 
some even cholera, may be treated successfully with 
tannin. It may be given in large doses (grs. x-9i) 
with impunity; ordinary dose, gr. ij-x. 

ACIDUM TARTARICUM, U. S., Br. 
Tartaric Acid. H 2 C 4 H 4 G . 

Either free or in combination with bases, in grapes, 
sumach-berries, tamarinds, pine-apples, and other 
acidulous fruits; also, in other parts of many plants. 
It occurs in colorless, oblique rhombic prisms or ta- 
bles, which are inodorous and have a strongly but 
agreeably acid taste. They are soluble in less than 
their weight of water; freely soluble in alcohol and 
wood-spirit, but are insoluble in ether. The Amer- 
ican commercial often appears in powdered form. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 19 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Pulveres Efiervescentes — Soda Powders. 

Pul veres Effervescentes Aperientes — Seidlitz Pow- 
ders. 

Antagonists and Ineompatibles. — Alkalies, magne- 
sia, lime, soap, or the alkaline carbonates. 

Synergists. — Vegetable (fruit) acids. 

Actions and Uses. — Refrigerant; laxative <and di- 
uretic (tartrates). 



ACONITUM. — Aconite. Monkshood. 

Origin. — Leaves and root of Aconitum Napellus, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Ranunculacese. 

Habitat. — Mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, 
and Western North America. 

Constituents. — Root: resin, fat, sugar, aconitic acid, 
about 0.07 per cent, of alkaloids, viz. : aconitia, pseu- 
daconitia, aconina, pseudaconina. Leaves: aconitia, 
napellina, gum, sugar, albumen, tannin, aconitic 
acid, ash 16 per cent. 

Aconiti Folia — the leaves of Aconitum Napellus, 
U.S. 

Aconiti Radix — the root of Aconitum Napellus, 
U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Aconitia (from the root). Not given internally. 
Extractum Aconiti (of the leaves). Dose, gr. ss. 
Emplastrum Aconiti (from the root). 
Linimentum Aconiti (from the root). 



20 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Tinctura Aconiti Radicis. (3vi to Oi.) Dose, gtt. 
i-v. 

(Fleming's tincture of aconite root contains 3iss 
to Oi.) 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ether, 
ammonia, turpentine, digitalis, heat, etc. 

In cases of poisoning, wash out the stomach and 
give stimulants by rectum, or hypodermically, if 
necessary, and apply external warmth. To over- 
come the heart depression, inject atropia; by no 
means assume any but the recumbent posture. 

Synergists. — Motor depressants — cold, fatigue, 
etc. 

Action and Uses. — Anodyne, sedative, poisonous, 
antiphlogistic, diaphoretic. 

Fever: #. Tine, aconiti rad., f3i; spts. nitric, 
dulc, fgiiss. M. Sig. Teaspoonful in water every 
hour or two. 

Acute pluritis: #. Tr. aconit. rad., f 3ij ; tine, opii 
deodor., f3vi. M. S. Eight drops in water every 
hour or two. 

For neuralgia: #. Tine, aconit. rad., chloroformi, 
aa fgss; lin. saponis, f3i. M. S. Apply to painful 
spot. 

AETHER.— Ether. 

A colorless, volatile and highly inflammable liq- 
uid, having a peculiar odor; sp. gr. 0.735; neutral, 
except after exposure to the air; soluble in ten parts 
of water, freely so in alcohol in any proportion. 
Obtained by distilling rectified spirit of wine and 
sulphuric acid, agitating the distillate with calcium 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 21 

chloride and slacked lime, and then redistilling. 
Ether absolute, the anaesthetic, is prepared by wash- 
ing the above with water to remove any spirit, de- 
canting the supernatant ether, and digesting it with 
freshly burnt lime and calcium chloride; then finally 
by redistilling. 

Ether dissolves fats, oils, resins, some alkaloids, 
caoutchouc, and gun-cotton. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Arterial sedatives, 
quinia, oxygen, protoxide of nitrogen, the tetanizing 
alkaloids, strychnia, picrotoxine, etc. 

Synergists. — Alcohol and its congeners, chloro- 
form, arterial stimulants, cerebral stimulants, etc. 

Actions and Uses. — Local and general anaesthetic 
(see Anaesthesia), diaphoretic, diuretic, carminative, 
cardiac stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic. 

Being such a rapidly diffusible stimulant, it is es- 
pecially useful in cases of acute debility, prostration, 
etc., either hypodermically or by stomach. 

Hoffmann's Anodyne (ether, alcohol, and ethereal 
oil), or Compound Spirit of Ether, is a well-known 
agent. Dose, m.x— f3i. 



ALCOHOL.— Alcohol. 

Spirit of "Wine; Rectified Spirit. Sp. gr. 0.835, 
U. S.; .838, Br. 



ALCOHOL DILUTUM, U. S. 
Diluted Alcohol, Proof Spirit. Sp. gr. .941, IT. S. 



22 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

ALCOHOL FORTIUS, L T . S. C 2 H 5 HO. 

Stronger Alcohol. Sp. gr. .817, IT. S. 

A colorless, limpid liquid, free from empyreumatic 
odor, volatilized entirely by heat. Obtained from 
the fermentation of the sugars by distillation. It 
is a solvent for resins, volatile oils, most fats, sugars, 
alkaloids, organic acids, alkalies, iodine, and many 
other salts and elements. 

Antagonists and. Incompatible s. — Fatigue, pain, 
depressing emotions; sulphates of sodium, mag- 
nesium, zincum, cuprum, ferrum; carbonates of 
potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, lithium; 
chlorides of sodium, hydrargyrum (mitis); cellulin, 
starch, gum, most sugars, gelatine, and albumen. 

Synergists. — All agents which diminish or suspend 
the functions of the cerebrum, after a preliminary 
stage of excitement. 

Actions and Uses. — Rapidly diffusible stimulant, 
astringent, and styptic, diuretic, diaphoretic, intox- 
icant. It is the active principle in all intoxicating 
fluids, varying in proportion in each. 



ALUMEN.— Alum. 

Sulphate of Ammonia and Alumina, Ammonia 
Alum. NH 4 A12S0 4 .12H 2 0. 

Known to the ancients; made in the fifteenth 
century in Italy; afterward in Germany, Spain, 
and England in the time of Elizabeth. Occurs in 
transparent crystalline masses; has a sweetish as- 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 23 

tringent taste. Prepared by treating calcined clay, 
containing but little iron, until a pasty mass is ob- 
tained, then by exposure to the air is converted into 
sulphate of aluminium, which needs merely to be 
mixed, while in solution, with ammonium or potas- 
sium sulphate to obtain alum. 

Alumen Exsiccatum. Dried alum, or alum de- 
prived of its water of crystallization by heat. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates; acetate of lead. 

Synergists. — The mineral and vegetable astrin- 
gents. 

Actions and Uses. — Astringent, emetic. Dried 
alum is a mild escharotic. 

Colica pictonum: #. Aluminis, 3ij; acidi sulph. 
diluti, f3i; syr. limonis, f3i; aq. dest., fgiij. M. 
Sig. Tablespoonful every hour or two. Also, alum- 
whey, viz.: To a pint of boiling milk add ninety 
grains of alum powdered; separate the curd, sweet- 
en the whey, if desired. A wine-glassful may be 
taken every hour or two. 

Toothache: Jjfc. Aluminis, 3ij ; spts. nitrosi sether., 
f3vj. M. 

Spongy gums: #. Aluminis, 3i; vini, Oi; tine, 
cinchonse, f3ss; tine, myrrhs, f 3ij ; mel. rosse, fgi; 
M. S. Rinse or gargle the mouth. 

Ulcers of mouth and throat: I£. Inf. lini, f3xv; 
tine, kino, f3i; aluminis, 3ij. M. S. Gargle. 

AMMONIA.— Ammonia. H 3 N. 

As "Spiritus Sal Urince," it was known to the an- 



24 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

cients; to the earlier chemists, as volatile alkali. 
First obtained as a gas by Priestly. A trace exists 
at all times in the air, hence rain-water contains a 
small amount of it. 

It is a colorless, transparent gas, with a pungent, 
suffocating odor, having alkaline and caustic prop- 
erties. Highh 7 volatile; sp. gr. 0.59. Water ab- 
sorbs it rapidly and to a great extent; alcohol and 
ether readily dissolve it. Salts of many metals form 
compounds with it. When heated with potash or 
quicklime, they give off an ammoniacal odor. The 
compound metal ammonium (H 4 N), though resident 
in the ammoniates, similar to potassium, has no 
special interest to us, and shall be known through 
its compounds merely. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Aqua Ammonia Fortior (about 26 per cent, of 
Ammonia). 

Aqua Ammonia (about 10 per cent, of Ammonia). 

Linimentum Ammoniee (Aq. Amm., J; Olive- 
oil, f). 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Dose, f3ss-i. 

Spiritus Amnionic. Dose, m.x-xv. 

Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus. Dose, f3ss-i. 

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. Dose, f3i. 

Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Aluminii et Ammonii Sulphas (Alum). 

Ammonii Benzoas. Dose, gr. x-xx. 

Ammonii Bromidum. Dose, gr. x-xv. 

Ammonii Carbonas. Dose, gr. x. 

Ammonii Chloridum. Dose, gr. v-xx. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 25 

Ammonii Chloridum Purifieatum. Dose, gr. v-xx. 

Ammonii Iodidum. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Ammonii Nitras (used in making Nitrous Oxide.) 

Ammonii Sulphas (used in making Ammonio- 
ferric Alum). 

Ammonii Valerian as. Dose, gr. ij-v. 

Cuprum Ammoniatum. Dose, gr. J-J. 

Ferri et Ammonii Citras. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas. Dose, gr. iij-x. 

Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum (used in ointments). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Vegetable and 
mineral acids, acidulous salts, earthy salts and lime- 
water, with the carbonate; the acids, soda, potash, 
and their carbonates, salts of lead, silver and metal- 
lic sulphates, with solutions of the acetate; the per- 
salts of iron, acids, and liquor potassse, with the 
benzoate; alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbon- 
ates, and lead and silver salts, with the muriate. 

In poisoning, the vegetable acids, followed by 
free use of oil and demulcents. Therapeutically, 
the ammoniates are antagonized by veratrum viride, 
aconite, digitalis, cold and cardiac sedatives gen- 
erally. 

Synergists. — Heat, opium, iodine, the antispas- 
modics, valerian, asafetida, etc., by the diffusible 
and aromatic stimulants, as alcohol, ether, etc. The 
carbonate promotes the activity of the iodides and 
bromides. 

Action and Uses. — Ammonia preparations gen- 
erally are diffusible stimulants, especially the car- 
bonate and aq. amnion, (secondarily, irritant); dia- 



26 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

phoretic in febrile conditions (liq. acetat.), emetic 
(carbonate, in full doses), expectorant (muriate, 
carbonate), tonic, in neuralgia (chloride). 

Stimulating expectorant: #. Amm. muriat., 3ss; 
syr. toiutan., f'3iss; spts. vini gallici, f3i; aq. des- 
tillat., ad f3vi. M. S. Teaspoonful every hour. If 
much irritation and coughing is present, add about 
two or three grains of sulph. morph. 

Myalgia: #. Amm. muriat., 3i; ext. cimicifugse, 
f3ij; syr. simp, aq. laur-cerasi, aa f3i. M. S. Tea- 
spoonful three or four times a day. The ammonia 
liniments are effective and popular. 

Headaches, dependent upon adynamic conditions, 
inhalation of vapor of ammonia. 

For snake-bites, insect-bites, etc., the aq. amm. 



ANAESTHESIA AND ANESTHETICS. 

Anaesthesia is a condition of temporarily abolished 
sensation. Though discovered but recently, it is of 
unquestioned benefit to mankind. To the surgeon 
it is invaluable, and scarcely less so to the accou- 
cheur and dentist. 

It is produced by the rapid diffusion of certain 
agents in the blood, or, locally, the benumbing effect 
of certain applications. These agents may be intro- 
duced by all the avenues through which medicaments 
enter the system — the lungs stomach, rectum, vagi- 
na, sub-cutaneously, etc. For obvious reasons, when 
nothing contraindicates, the lungs afford the best 
point of entrance, and is resorted to usually. 

It is not without danger. If the circulatorv or 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 27 

respiratory systems are of doubtful integrity, much 
less diseased, it is too dangerous to be resorted to, 
except under thorough advisement. 

There are certain precautions, other than physical 
examination, that must not be neglected. The cloth- 
ing and posture of the patient, the surroundings as 
to ventilation, the individual idiosyncrasies, if any, 
the absolute purity of the agent, the reasonable 
means for resuscitation convenient — all must be an- 
ticipated. Very little food should have been taken 
before — usually at the previous meal-time — but fast- 
ing should not be prolonged to the point of increas- 
ing the danger. 

Another danger arises from the erethism occa- 
sionally produced. Operators, especially dentists, 
should guard themselves by the presence of a third 
party, as charges have been made productive of a 
tragedy in more than one instance. 

Anaesthetics, or anaesthesiants, embrace all hydro- 
carbons, though but few of them are available. 
They are divided into two classes — local and gener- 
al. The local — cold (by freezing mixtures or evap- 
oration of ether), veratria, aconitia — act upon the 
sensory nerves of the part they are applied to; the 
general — chloroform, ether, nitrous oxide, chloral 
hydrate, nitrite of amyl, amylene, bichloride of 
methylene, opium, alcohol, and all narcotics — act 
upon the brain, with a preliminary stage of excite- 
ment. As the rapid and deep breathing of air is 
anaesthetic, it will facilitate matters to have the pa- 
tient practice it several minutes before administer- 
ing any anaesthetic. 



28 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

First, chloroform. None but reliable, purified 
chloroform should be used. After it is seen that 
none of the contraindications exist, the patient 
should be comfortably placed, on table or chair, as 
near the supine position as possible, clothing loosed, 
especially at the throat. The operator should, by 
cheerfulness, allay the fears of the patient as much 
as possible. 

As the first effect of this agent is to exhilarate, it 
is well to give a good drink of some alcoholic before 
commencing, if it is not disagreeable to the patient. 
In this way the effect is more readily obtained and 
more easily prolonged. 

As the important fact to be regarded in the adminis- 
tration of this agent is to secure only the admixture of 
three and one-half per cent, of chloroform vapor in pure 
air, the simplest form of inhaler is necessary. A 
handkerchief, or napkin, upon which from a few 
drops to half a drachm has been poured, is the usual 
and convenient, as well as satisfactory, manner. The 
mouth and nose should be guarded against the irri- 
tation with oil or some unguent. As this vapor is 
four times the density of air, the cloth may close 
down and shut off all but the vapor, and must be 
carefully attended to. 

The state of the circulation and respiration is to 
be carefully watched throughout. 

It must be remembered, in the use of this and all 
other anaesthetics, that the effect is desired for a cer- 
tain end, and the operator must know just what he 
wants in any definite case. 

Suspension of the respiration must be met by 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 29 

withdrawal of the vapor, inversion of patient, ac- 
cording to Nelaton — heels up and head down — and 
artificial respiration, either by rolling the patient on 
the side, and then on the back, about fifteen to eight- 
een times a minute, or by raising the arms above the 
head and then depressing them to the chest-wall at 
about the same rate, Favor circulation of blood to 
the brain and a reinstatement of respiration. Arti- 
ficial heat should be applied; cold-water douche, 
etc., prohibited. The tongue should be drawn for- 
ward and held, if retracted. Faradization of the 
respiratory muscles, acupuncture with the galvanic 
needle, and injection of ammonia, have been recom- 
mended. 

The use of this agent is not advised, for death has 
often occurred — oftenest in the dental chair. 

Ether comes next, and popularly outranks chloro- 
form in the surgery of America. 

In its administration the same precautions should 
be observed—free breathing, no physical contraindi- 
cation, free ventilation, recumbent posture, etc. It 
is highly inflammable, and no flame should be near. 
In this, the purest ether only should be used. The 
air should be excluded as nearly as possible, as less 
excitement and more rapid effect follows if only the 
vapor is inhaled. 

It takes longer, but is safer than chloroform. A 
cone specially prepared, or one readily formed with 
a newspaper inclosing a sponge or napkin, closely 
fitting the nose and mouth of the patient, is used. 

Remember it is the effect, and not the quantity in- 
haled, and the free use of it is recommended. 



30 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

The irritation of the fauces and throat, and fear 
of suffocation, will gradually pass off as the ether is 
absorbed. 

If arrest of respiration occur, artificial respiration, 
as described under Chloroform, and inversion of the 
body according to Nelaton, should be resorted to as 
the most promising expedients. 

The use of this agent is advocated. The pro- 
found anesthesia manifested by loss of sensibility of 
cornea, loss of muscular power, deep sleep, etc., may 
be prolonged to any necessary extent with impunity. 
Then there is theirs* anaesthesia, especially useful to 
the dentist or minor surgery, when the first loss of 
consciousness and sensation is taken advantage of. 
The patient escapes all pain, and yet avoids the 
nausea and sickness following the full effect. 

Comparative Utility of Chloroform and Ether. 

Chloroform is more pleasant to inhale, less irri- 
tant, not inflammable like ether, and can be used at 
night better; its stage of excitement is shorter; its 
effect is more rapid; its narcosis is more sustained; 
but all these are more than counterbalanced by the 
danger in its use. Ether should be preferred in all 
cases except in labor. 

Next, nitrous oxide, or laughing-gas — a protoxide 
of nitrogen. A colorless, sweetish-tasting gas; sp. 
gr. 1.527; consists of one equivalent each of oxygen 
and nitrogen. It may be condensed to a liquid by 
cold and pressure, thus favoring transportation. 

The gas is inhaled from a rubber receiver. The 
effect is rapid— sufficient for minor operations — but 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 31 

transient. It is thought to be entirely free from 
danger, though usually followed by slight headache 
and some nervousness. From a frightened look to 
a deadly pallor the face passes under its administra- 
tion, and this is presently replaced by a bluish tint, 
resembling the appearance of asphyxia. Carbonic 
acid accumulates. Animals live no longer in it than 
in pure nitrogen. Its administration must be pre- 
ceded by the same precautions before mentioned. 

The other hydro-carbons classed as anaesthetics 
are not used as such for general anaesthesia, and their 
properties and actions may be ascertained by refer- 
ence to them. 

ANTHEMIS.— Chamomile. 

Origin. — Flowers of Anthemis nobilis, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Compositee. 

Habitat. — Southern and Western Europe; culti- 
vated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle (anthe- 
mic acid?), resin, little tannin, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Infusum Anthemidis. Dose, f 3 ij, as tonic; emetic, 
ad lib. 

Oleum Anthemidis. Dose, gtt. v-xv. 

Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, carminative, 
nervine, emmenagogue. 

The country people use the infusion for dyspepsia. 
The oil is, latterly, thought to have a lowering effect 
on reflex irritability of the spinal cord. A poultice 
is often made of the flowers. 



32 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

ANTIMONIUM.— Antimony, Sb. 

Though known to the alchemists, Basil Valentine 
made known the method of obtaining it. The na- 
tive antimony occurs in France and Germany. A 
bluish- white, very brittle metal, usually lamellar in 
structure; sp. gr. about 6.7: unchanged by exposure 
to the air. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Antimonii Sulphuretum — the purified tersulphide 
(used in making the oxide of antimony). 

Antimonii Oxidura. Dose, gr. ij-iij. 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (tartar emetic). 
Dose, gr. y^-i. 

Antimonium Sulphuratum (sulphurated antimo- 
ny). Dose, gr. i-xx. 

Antimonii Oxysulphuretum (Kermes mineral). 
Dose, gr. ss-i. 

Pilulae Antimonii Composite. (Six grains of the 
mass contains one grain each of calomel and sul- 
phurated antimony.) Plummer's Pills. Dose, 1 to 
5 pills. 

Vinum Antimonii (gr. ij to f3i). Dose, gtt. x; 
emetic, f3i. 

Emplastrum Antimonii (tartrate of antimony and 
potassium, 1 part in 4). 

Unguentum Antimonii (do., do., 1 to 4). 

Syrupus Seillse Compositus (contains tartar emet- 
ic gr. i to 3i). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Tannic and gallic 
acids, and infusions containing them, form insoluble 
tannates. Alkalies and the salts of lead decompose 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 33 

tartar emetic; physiologically, opium, alcohol, ether, 
etc., together with the antispasmodics generally. 

Antidote: Tannic acid (green tea, catechu, rhat- 
any, rhubarb, etc.). 

Synergists. — The minerals that promote waste; 
also, the emetics and cathartics, and depressing 
agents generally — as veratrum viride, etc. 

Actions and Uses. — Emetic, sedative, antiphlogis- 
tic, diaphoretic. 

In acute catarrh (nasal, pharyngeal, and bron- 
chial), small doses repeated (from one-twentieth to 
one-twelfth of a grain), combined with morphia, is 
very effective. #. Antimonii et potassii tartrat., 
gr. ss; morph. acetat., gr. ss; aquse dest., f3ij. M. 
Sig. Teaspoonful every hour or two. 

In acute inflammatory and febrile diseases, tartar 
emetic in minute doses ( T J ff gr.), frequently repeated, 
is of undoubted benefit. Combined with morphia 
and muriate of ammonia, it makes an excellent 
cough mixture, with tolu syrup as a vehicle. 

The depressing effect of this agent (tartar emetic 
being the type) has almost occasioned its disuse. 

AQUA.— Water. H 2 0. 

This chemical compound — two equivalents of hy- 
drogen to one of oxygen — is one of the most abun- 
dant and important in nature. It ranges from a 
comparatively pure state (rain-water) to any varying 
condition of impurity. It is the vehicle of many 
natural and artificial substances, because of its great 
solvent power. Its great importance in the human 



34 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

economy may be readily and fairly inferred by its 
abundance there, constituting from two -thirds to 
three -fourths of its weight. It may be colorless, 
and devoid of both taste and smell, or of any color, 
any taste, any smell — depending upon the materials 
dissolved in it. But while natural water, of springs, 
rivers, and cisterns, may be used for some pharma- 
ceutical purposes, still it is usually distilled, com- 
pletely purified, for medical uses. Unless specified 
to the contrary, distilled water is meant when water 
is called for in prescriptions, etc. 

Mineral waters (i. e., natural waters containing 
some mineral or medical substance naturally), and 
medicated waters (i. e., those with medicines dis- 
solved in them by the pharmacist), are left out of this 
article. They are innumerable, and all of any im- 
portance have analyses showing the substance or 
substances in them, whose actions and uses may be 
easily ascertained. It would make this article too 
long to enumerate them, much less to describe them. 
The only officinal preparation is aquce destillata, men- 
tioned above. 

Action and Uses. — Externally: Refrigerant, febri- 
fuge (cold-bath, cold affusion, cold packing), rubifa- 
cient, counter-irritant (hot-bath, hot fomentation), 
tonic (both hot-bath and cold-bath, discreetly ap- 
plied in each case), relaxant, depressant (hot-bath, 
varying with duration, in effect). 

Internally: Laxative, purgative (cold, especially 
with a little common salt added), emetic (warm, 
drunk to distension), diaphoretic (both, especially 
warm), diuretic (cold, drunk freely). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 35 

The use of water promotes digestion by stimulat- 
ing the secretion of gastric juice, and aiding the 
passage of peptones into the blood (Ringer). 

It is not to be taken in any but small quantity 
during meals; but freely taken before or some time 
after meals, obtains the best results. 

Another important use is to diminish bodily tem- 
perature. Cold water, though it abstracts a certain 
amount of caloric from the system, does not act as 
efficiently as hot water in its ultimate effects. The 
rationale is that the blood is called from the heat- 
making area to the heat-losing area, where, coming in 
contact with the air, the caloric is rapidly abstracted. 



ARGENTUM.— Silver. Ag. 

Silver is widely diffused in nature as native silver 
and in combination w T ith many other metals. It is 
a brilliant, white metal; sp. gr. 10.57; tarnishes in 
the air by combining with the sulphuretted hydro- 
gen. Its compounds only are used in pharmacy. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Argenti Nitras. Dose, gr. |-ij, in pill. 
Argenti Mtras Pusa. For external use. 
Argenti Oxidum. Dose, gr. ss-ij, in pill. 

Antagonists and Incompatible^ . — The soluble chlo- 
rides and substances containing them— salt, mineral- 
water, etc. — form an insoluble chloride of silver. 
The following acids and their salts are chemically 
incompatible: Sulphuric, muriatic, tartaric, and sul- 



36 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

phurous; alkalies and their carbonates; astringent 
infusions and lime-water. 

Table-salt is its chemical antidote, freely given as 
to act secondarily as an emetic. Therapeutically, 
those agents which promote constructive metamor- 
phosis. 

Synergists. — Agents promoting waste — as mercu- 
ry, iodides, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Astringent, caustic, callyrium. 

To stimulate weak or unhealthy granulations, the 
nitrate of silver in varying strength of solution is 
recommended. The internal use of silver is very 
limited, because of the consequent discoloration. 
The oxide has been highly recommended as a nerv- 
ous sedative, and a hemostatic in menorrhagia. 



ARNICA.— Arnica. 

Origin. — Flowers of Arnica Montana, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Compositee. 

Habitat. — Europe, Northern Asia, and America, 
in mountainous districts. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, resin, arnicin 
(amorphous, yellow, acrid), etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Arnicse. Dose, gr. v-x. 
Emplastrum Arnicse (extract gr. ss). 
Tinctura Arnicse (giij to Oi); used externally. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Ammonia, alco- 
holic stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 37 

Synergists. — Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis, 
arterial sedatives generally. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary, 
irritant, antipyretic (in full doses). 

There is much difference of opinion concerning 
its properties and uses. It is used as application to 
bruises and strains, especially in domestic practice. 



ARSENICUM.— Arsenic, As. 

Arsenicum is sometimes found native, but usually 
occurs in combination with other metals, sulphur, and 
oxygen. It has a steel-gray color, high metallic lus- 
ter, sp. gr. 5.7 to 5.9, volatilizes under heat without 
fusion, and if air is present oxidizes to arsenious ox- 
ide. This arsenious oxide- — the only form known to 
the people — is called white arsenic and arsenious acid. 

Acidum Arseniosum. Hydrate arsenious oxide 
in masses, U. S. Dose, gr. ^ (twentieth). 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Arsenici Iodidum. Dose, gr. J (eighth). 

Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri Iodidi (m.xx con- 
tains arsenic gr. 5 \ (twenty-fourth). Donovan's so- 
lution. Dose, m.x. 

Liquor Arsenici Chloridi. (Acid, arsen., gr. iv to 
f3i.) Dose, m.v. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. (Arsen. acid., gr. iv to 
f3i). Fowler's solution. Dose, m.ij-v. 

Liquor Sodii Arseniatis. (Arsen. acid., gr. iv. to 
fgi.) Dose, m.v. 

Sodii Arsenias. Dose, gr. T J 3 (twelfth). 



38 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of iron, mag- 
nesia, and lime, and astringents; in poisoning, freshly 
prepared hydrated sesquioxide of iron, and magnesia 
freshly calcined. When Fowler's solution has been 
taken, the ferric salts are to be used. The gastro- 
enteritis and nervous symptoms are to be treated 
on general principles, and followed by diluents, 
skimmed milk, alkaline mineral-waters, etc. 

Synergists. — Agents that promote constructive 
metamorphosis. 

Action and Uses. — Locally, escharotic; generally, 
alterative, tonic, antiperiodic, corrosive poison (full 
doses). 

As an escharotic, it acts by destroying the tissues; 
but, owing to its great diffusive power, there is dan- 
ger of systemic poison. 

As an alterative, it acts by combining with the 
tissues, displacing the phosphorus, as it is of the 
same group, and takes its place along with the his- 
tological elements. (Gubler.) Hence its power of 
remaining inert in the system. 

As a secondary effect to this, it is tonic. 

As an antiperiodic, it acts probably by reason of 
its germicide power, indirectly becoming a tonic like 
quinine. 

As a corrosive poison, it acts locally upon the coats 
of the stomach, no matter how it may have found its 
way into the system, giving rise to symptoms closely 
analagous to Asiatic cholera. These symptoms gen- 
erally follow a toxic dose, but in exceptional cases 
the force of the poison is expended on the nervous 
svstem. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 39 

Dentists use arsenic to kill exposed nerve-pulps. 
While this practice may not result disastrously, it is 
not advisable, because absorption is likely to occur. 
If it does, it combines with the bone — the triarseni- 
ate of lime displacing the tribasic phosphates — or it 
may bring about caries of the bone; and systemic 
poison may result from absorption. 

As a remedial agent, it should be given usually 
after meals, on a full stomach. 

Irritative dyspepsia, indicated by red, pointed 
tongue, poor appetite, distress after meals, food 
causing intestinal pain, colic, desire to go to stool — 
one-drop doses of Fowler's solution before meals is 
efficacious. 

Chronic gastric catarrh, gastralgia, enteralgia, 
chronic diarrhea, yield kindly to these one -drop 
doses, in a large proportion of cases. 

Iron is very much assisted by arsenic in chlorosis. 

In chronic skin affections, Fowler's solution is 
empirically used. If syphilis is present, Donovan's 
solution (mercury, iodine, and arsenic) is better. 

In malarial fever, arsenic ranks next to quinia, 
and is happily combined with it in intractable cases. 

To destroy pulp of nerve: R. Acid, arsen., gr. ij; 
sulph. morph., gr. i; creasoti, q. s. M. ft. pasta. S. 
Apply small quantity on a bit of cotton. 

Depilatory: Quicklime, J ounce; yellow sulphide 
of arsenic, 20 grains; starch, 180 grains. This is 
supposed to be the same depilatory to which the 
Egyptian women resorted to remove the hair from 
the pubes. 



40 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

ASAFCETID A— Asafetida. 

Origin. — Gum resin from (1) Ferula Narthex, 
Boissier; Earth ex Asafoetida, Falconer. (2) Ferula 
Scorodosma, Benth. et Hook.; Scorodosma Fcetidum, 
Bunge. Nat. ord., Umbelliferse, Orthospermse. 

Habitat. — 1. Western Thibet, and probably Cash- 
mere. 2. Persia, Turkistan, and Afghanistan. 

Constituents. — Aside from impurities, 3 to 9 per 
cent, volatile oil, 20 to 30 per cent, (sometimes more) 
of gum, and 50 to 70 per cent, resin, of which a 
small portion (3 to 4 per cent.) is insoluble in ether, 
and which contains a little ferulaic acid. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Mistura Asafcetidse (3iv to Oi), milk of asafetida. 
Dose, fgss-i. 

Tinctura Asafcetidee (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Pilule Asafceticte (each, gr. iij). Dose, 2 to 4 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Asafcetidee (each, gr. 1J). 

Pilule Galbani Composite (each, gr. ss). 

Suppositoria Asafoetida (each, gr. v, or m.xv of 
tincture). 

Emplastrum Asafcetidse. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, neutral 
salts, cold, and arterial sedatives. 

Synergists. — The gum-resins, the balsams, the aro- 
raatics, essential oils containing sulphur and phos- 
phorus, and alcohol and ether. 

Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, laxa- 
tive, antispasmodic. 

Has been used for a variety of affections, but is 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 41 

now only prescribed in flatulence, dyspepsia, hyste- 
ria; also, sobering-up mixtures for inebriates. 



AURANTIUM.— Orange. 

Origin. — Peel and flowers of (1) Citrus Vulgaris, 
Bisso, bitter orange; (2) Citrus Aurantium, Risso, 
sweet orange. Nat ore/., Aurantiacese. 

Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated in sub-trop- 
ical countries. 

Constituents. — Peel: volatile oil, hesperidin, in the 
white zest a principle giving a black color with fer- 
ric salt. Flowers: volatile oil, mucilage, bitter ex- 
tractive. 

Aurantii Amari Cortex — the rind of the fruit of 
Citrus Vulgaris. 

Aurantii Dulcis Cortex — the rind of the fruit of 
Citrus Aurantium. 

Aurantii Flores — the flowers of Citrus Aurantium 
and Vulgaris. 

Officinal Preparations. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum. Used as a vehicle. 
Syrupus Aurantii Florum. Used as a vehicle. 
Confectio Aurantii Corticis. Used as a vehicle. 
Syrupus Aurantii Corticis. Used as a vehicle. 
Tinctura Aurantii. Dose, f3i-ij. 
Infusam Gentianse Compositum. Dose, fgss-ij. 
Tinctura Cinchonse Composita. Dose, f3i-ij. 
Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Dose, f3i-iv. 
Action and Uses. — The flowers: stimulant, anti- 
spasmodic, the oil being called the oil of Nereoli. 



42 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

The peel: stimulant, tonic. Used as a flavoring and 
vehicle principally. 



BALSAM PERUVIAOTM.— Balsam Peru. 

Origin. — An empyreumatic liquid balsam from 
Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Boyle; Toluifera, Bail- 
Ion) Pereirse, Klotzsch. Nat. ord., Leguminosse, Pa- 
pilionaceee. 

Habitat. — Central America. 

Constituents. — Cinnamein or benzylic cinnamate, 
about 60 per cent.; resin, about 32 per cent.; ben- 
zalcohol, benzoate, stilbene, cinnamic and benzoic 
acids. 

Action and, Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, vulner- 
ary. Checks copious and unhealthy secretion. 

In bronchitis, f3i in emulsion at a dose. 



BALSAM TOLUTANUM.— Balsam Tolu. 

Origin. — A semifluid balsam from Myroxylon 
(Myrospermum, Bichard) Toluifera, Kunth; Tolu- 
ifera Balsamum, Miller. Nat. ord., Leguminosse, 
Papilionacese. 

Habitat. — Venezuela and New Grenada. 

Constituents. — Resins, benzylic benzoate, benzylic 

cinnamate, tolene 1 per cent., cinnamic and benzoic 

acids. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. j 

Syrupus Tolutanus (Tine. f3ij-Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
Tinctura Tolutana (3iss-Oi). Dose, f3i. 
Tinctura Benzoini Composita (Tolu 3ss-Oi). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 43 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, vulner- 
ary. 

Agreeable flavoring to cough mixtures, especially 
in the form of syrup. 

BELLADONNA.— Belladonna. 

Origin. — Leaves and root of Atropia Belladonna, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Solanacese. 

Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe; in woods. 

Constituents. — Atropia 0.2 to 0.6 per cent., bella- 
donnia, starch. Atropia, C 17 H 23 N0 3 , white, crys- 
talline, soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, and 
water; yields tropic acid and tropina. 

Leaves (in addition to above): mucilage, wax, al- 
bumen, asparagin (?), ash 14 per cent. 

Belladonna Folia — leaves of Atropa Belladonna, 
U. S. 

Belladonna Radix — root of Atropa Belladonna 
(two years old), U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Tinctura Belladonna (from leaves, gij-Oi). Dose, 
gtt. x-xx. 

Extractum Belladonnse (inspissated juice of 
leaves). Dose, gr. ss-ij. 

Extractum Belladonnse Alcoholicum (of the 
leaves). Dose, gr. ss-ij. 

Extractum Belladonna Radicis Eluidum. Dose, 
m.ij. 

Emplastrum Belladonnse (from the root). 

Unguentum Belladonna (from Ext. Belladonnse, 
3i-3i). 



Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



Suppositoria Belladonna (from Ext. Belladonnse 
Ala, gr. ss). 

Atropia (from the ( Dose, gr. fa (sixtieth), or 
root). < hypodermically, gr. jh-^ (one 

Atropia Sulphas, (.hundred and twentieth). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Chemically, fresh 
animal charcoal, tannin, vegetable astringents, etc.; 
physiologically, opium, calabar-bean, tartrate of an- 
timony and potassa. In case of poisoning, rapidly 
acting emetics should be used at once. Purgatives 
containing the chemical antidotes should be admin- 
istered to neutralize any poison remaining in the in- 
testinal canal. Artificial respiration, cold douches, 
counter-irritants, and diffusive stimulants, should be 
resorted to for narcotism. 

The physiological antidotes, being poisons, should 
be exhibited with great caution. 

Synergists. — Electricity, strychnia, ergot, digitalis, 
cimicifuga, stramonium, and hysocyamus. 

Action and Uses. — Locally, sedative, applied di- 
rectly; generally diuretic, dilating the pupil, nar- 
cotic. Care must be taken to prevent hurtful effects 
from absorption when applied locally. Its active 
principle, atropia, is given by mouth or hypoder- 
mically. 

In mercurial stomatitis, gastralgia, pyrosis, ir- 
ritative dyspepsia, atropia is recommended: #. 
Sulph. atropine, gr. i; sulph. zinci, 3ss; aq. dest., 
fgi. M. S. Three to five drops twice or thrice a 
day. 

Habitual constipation yields readily to the extract 
of belladonna combined with other purgatives: #. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 45 

Ext. belladonna, ext. nuc. vom., ext. physostig- 
mat., aa gr. iij. M. ft. pil. No. vi. S. One at bed- 
hour. 

Acute nasal catarrh, with profuse secretion: R. 
Tine, aconit. rad., f3i; tine, belladon., f3ij. M. S. 
Four drops in water every hour or two. This is 
good for sore throat also. 

Eecommended in certain nervous disorders. 

Sick headache, due to or accompanied by spasm 
of the arterioles, manifested by excessive pallor, ver- 
tigo, and tinnitus aurium: #. Sulph. atropine, gr. ss; 
chinoidin., 3i. M. ft. pil. No. xl. Sig. One pill two 
or three times a day. 

Neuralgic dysmenorrhcea, nocturnal incontinence 
of urine, seminal losses, and certain cutaneous neu- 
roses, are all benefited by this agent. 

For sweating of phthisis, in doses of one-sixtieth 
of a grain, as recommended by Bartholow, in his 
" prize essay," atropia is used with benefit. 

Local application of belladonna arrests excessive 
secretion. 

BENZOINUM.— Benzoin. 

Origin. — Balsam from Styrax Benzoin, Dryander. 
Nat. ord.y Styracese. 

Habitat. — Sumatra, Java, probably; also Siam. 

Constituents. — Benzoic acid 12 to 24 per cent, 
(usually fragrant from adhering volatile oil, sub- 
limable, sparingly soluble in cold water), vanillin, 
cinnamic acid, several resins, yielding with potassa 
(melted) parabenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and 
pyrocatechin. 



46 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Acidum Benzoicum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. (Enters 
into Tine. Opii Camphorata.) 

Ammonii Benzoas. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Tinctura Benzoini. Dose, f3ss-i. 

Tinctura Benzoini Composita. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Unguentum Benzoini (Adeps Benzoatus, Br.). 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant. 

Administered by means of spray atomizer, is 
useful for bronchitis (deep-seated). 



BISMUTHUM.— Bismuth. Bi. 
A brilliant grayish -white metal, with a distinct 
roseate tinge, found in the mines of Saxony, asso- 
ciated with cobalt, nickel, and silver ores. It is 
purified for commercial purposes by heating and re- 
heating with potassium nitrate. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Bismuthi Subcarbonas. Dose, gr. xv-xlv. 

Bismuthi Subnitras. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 

Action and Uses. — To raw or mucous surfaces it 
is astringent and sedative; internally, sedative, as- 
tringent. 

In apthse, indigestion, mercurial stomatitis, ten- 
dency to diarrhea after eating, it is found of great 
benefit. 

In summer diarrhea of children it is used. 

It should be given before meals when employed 
in stomach disorders. Milk is a very good vehicle 
for its administration. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 47 

BROMIDUM.— Bromine. Br. 

A liquid, non-metallic element, obtained from 
sea-water and some saline springs. It is a dark-red 
liquid, having a very disagreeable odor; sparingly 
soluble in water, more so in alcohol, and even more 
so in ether. 

Dose, gtt. ij-iij, largely diluted in water. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Ammonii Bromidum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Potassii Bromidum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Action and Uses. — Similar, if not identical, with 
chlorine. Deodorant, antiseptic, escharotic (undi- 
luted). 

In acute coryza, the vapor of it is used: #. Bro- 
minii, f3ss; alcoholis, f3iv. M. S. Inhale often at 
intervals. 

As an escharotic for the removal of chancre, is 
recommended. Its volatility, fetid odor, and pain 
after its use as an escharotic, render it objectionable. 

BUCHU.— Buchu. 

Origin. — Leaves of Barosma Betulina, Bartling; 
B. Crenulata, Hooker; and B. Serratifolia, Willd. 
Nat. ord., Rutacese. 

Habitat. — Southern Africa. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, mucilage, bitter 
principle, rutin (?), etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Extractum Buchu Fluidum. Dose, f3ss-i. 
Infusum Buchu (f«3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 



Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, diuretic, to 
some extent diaphoretic. 

Useful in chronic inflammations of the genito- 
urinary tract, it acting eleetively there. 



CALCIUM.— Calcium. Ca. 

A brilliant white metal, proved by Davy to be 
present in its oxide — lime. Calx, or lime (CaO), is 
the well-known form used in pharmacy, together 
with the chalks. 

Calcii Chloridum — chloride of calcium prepared 
by fusion, U. S. 

Calcii Hypophosphis — hypophosphite of lime. 
Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Calx — lime recently prepared by calcination. U. S. 

Calx Chlorinata — a compound by the action of 
chlorine on the hydrate of calcium; contains 25 per 
cent, of chlorine, U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Calcis Hydras. Used in pharmacy. 
Calcis Carbonas Precipitata. Dose, gr. x-3i* 
Calcis Phosphas Precipitata. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
Creta Preparata. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Hg. 3 parts, chalk 5 
parts). Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
Trochischi Cretse. 
Mistura Cretse. Dose, fgss. 
Testa Preparata. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
Liquor Calcii Chloridi. Dose, f3ss-i. 
Liquor Calcis (lime-water). Dose, f3i-iv. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 49 

Linimentum Calcis (lime-water, f3vij ; linseed oil, 
f 3 vij). 

Potassa cum Calce. Caustic; used in pharmacy. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. —Acids, acidulous 
salts and metallic salts. 

In cases of poisoning, vegetable acids — vinegar, 
lemon-juice, etc. — with demulcents and fixed oils, 
given freely. 

Synergists. — Alkalies, all agents promoting waste, 
iodides, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Antacid, disinfectant (chlorinate 
of lime). 

Excipient in pharmacy. Enters into antacid mixt- 
ures very extensively. 

CALUMBA.— Columbo. 

Origin. — Root of Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. 
Nat. ord., Menispermacese. 

Habitat. — Eastern Africa, cultivated in some East 
Indian Islands. 

Constituents. — Columbin (white, crystalline, slight- 
ly soluble in water), berberina (yellow, crystalline), 
calumbic acid (colorless, nearly insoluble in cold 
water), starch, mucilage. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Extractum Calumbse Fluidum. Dose, m.xv-xxx. 
Infusum Calumbse (root, 3ij to Oi). Dose, fgss-ij. 
Tinctura Calumbse (root, gij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 

Antagonists and- Incompatibles. — Those agents 
which promote destructive metamorphosis. 
4 



50 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
etc., and, under some circumstances, the alkalies. 
Actions and Uses. — Tonic; simple bitter. 
Having no tannin, it may be combined with iron. 

CAMPHORA.— Camphor. 

Origin. — Cinnamomum (Laurus, Lin.) Camphora, 
F. Nees et Ebermaier; Camphora officinarum, C. Gr. 
Nees. Nat. ord., Lauracese. 

Habitat. — China and Japan. 

Constituents. — C 10 H 16 O. Heated with zinc chloride, 
it yields cymol (C ]0 H 4 ) ; with nitric acid, C y H 12 5 . 

Oleum Camphorae (Camphor oil). Dose, gtt. ij-iij. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Aqua Camphorse (3i to Oi). Dose, fgss-ij. 

Linimentum Camphorse (camph., 1 part; olive-oil, 
6 parts). 

Linimentum Saponis. 

Mistura Chloroformi (chlorof., fgss; camph., 3i 
in f3vi). 

Spiritus Camphorse (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata (paregoric). Dose, 
f3i-iv. 

Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis (Goulard's Cerate). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Water precipitates 
it from its spirit solutions; alkaline and earthy salts 
— sulphate of magnesium — from its aqueous solu- 
tions. Coffee, cold, arterial sedatives, depressing 
agents generally. 

Synergists. — Cerebral excitants; opium, alcohol, 
narcotics. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 51 

Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, sed- 
ative, rubifacient, resolvent. Enters into most den- 
tifrices. 

Though contramdicated in gastro-enteritis, it is 
advised in diarrheas, flatulence (hysterical), and even 
the preliminary diarrhea of cholera. It is in these 
cases usually combined with opium. 

In nervousness, delirium tremens, maniacal excite- 
ment, melancholia, of doubtful benefit. 

A popular antaphrodisiac (Ricord's formula): Pr. 
Camphorse, lactucarii, aa si. M. ft. pil. No. xxx. 
Sig. One, two, or more if necessary. 

A popular local application for almost every 
thing. 

Camphorated oil is a mild and efficient counter- 
irritant. 

CANELLA.— Canella. 

Origin. — Bark of Canella Alba, Murray. Nat. ord., 
Canellacese. 

Habitat. — "West Indies. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 per cent, (contains eu- 
genic acid); resin, bitter principle, mannite, muci- 
lage, starch, albumen. 

Officinal Preparations, L t . S. 

Pulvis Aloes et Canellse. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
Vinum Rhei (rhubarb, 3ij; canelte, 3i to Oi). 
Dose, f3i-iv. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, stimulant. 
Having no tannin, it may be combined with iron 
or some of its preparations. 



Materia Medicd and Therapeutics 



Under the title of Hiera Picra, the powdered aloes 
and canella is given for amenorrhcea. 



CANNABIS AMERICANA.— American Hemp. 

Origin. — Flowering top of Cannabis Sativa, grown 
in the United States. 

Like in all respects to Cannabis Indica, except less 
powerful. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Extractum Cannabis Americans. Dose, gr. J to J. 

CANNABIS INDICA.— Indian Hemp. 

Origin. — Cannabis Sativa, Lin. Nat. ord., Urtica- 
cese, Cannabineae. 

Habitat. — Asia, collected in India 

Constituents. — Little volatile oil, brown amorphous 
resin. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Cannabis Indicse. Dose, gr. ss. 
Tinctura Cannabis (gr. iij to f3i). Dose, gtt. x-xx. 

Action and Uses. — Anodyne, nervine, sudorific. 

Like opium, it produces sleep after a preliminary 
stage of excitement, which lasts longer than that of 
opium. The difficulty of obtaining a reliable prep- 
aration precludes any definite rules for its exhibition 
therapeutically. 

Neuralgias and migraine are thought to be bene- 
fited by its cautious exhibition. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 53 

CANTHAPIS.— Cantharides. 

Origin. — Cantharis Vesicatoria, De Geer; Lytta 
Vesicatoria, Fabricius; Meloe Vesicatorius, Lin. 
Class, insecta; order, beetles. 

Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe, and 
Western Asia. 

Constituents. — According to Robiquet's analysis: 
Cantharidin, free acetic and uric acids, fatty matters, 
yellow viscid matter soluble in water and alcohol, 
yellow substance soluble in ether and alcohol, black 
extractive, magnesium and calcium phosphates. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Tinctura Cantharidis. Dose, m.ij-iv. 

Ceratum Cantharidis (for spreading blisters). 

Ceratum Extracti Cantharidis. 

Charta Cantharidis (blistering papers). 

Collodium cum Cantharide. 

Linimentum Cantharidis. 

Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide. 

Unguentum Cantharidis (3ij in the 3i). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — There is no chem- 
ical or physiological antidote — toxic symptoms to be 
met generally. 

Synergists. — Acids and fats increase its solubility 
and favor its absorption. 

Action and Uses. — Vesicant, principally; but in 
chronically inflamed conditions of the genito-uri- 
nary apparatus, where it acts electively, it has been 
thought to prove useful. 

Too violent to be used as a diuretic, producing 
strangury and bloody urine. 



54 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

CAPSICUM. — Capsicum. Cayenne. 

Origin. — Fruit of Capsicum Fastigiatum, Blume. 
Nat. ord.j Solanaceae. 

Habitat. — Probably tropical America; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Capsaicin, fixed oil, waxy matter, 
resin, coloring matter, trace of volatile oil with odor 
of Conium. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Infusum Capsici. Dose, fgss. 

Oleo-resina Capsici. Dose, gtt. i. 

Tinctura Capsici. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic, powerful 
rubifacient. 

Used in atonic dyspepsia, dyspepsia of chronic 
alcoholism, flatulent colic in hysterical subjects, de- 
lirium tremens. 

It is contraindicated in all acute affections of the 
genito-urinary apparatus; in chronic inflammatory 
conditions it is advised. 

In functional impotence and spermatorrhoea ex- 
cellent results are obtained, the oleo-resin being the 
best form: #. Oleo-resinae capsici, fBi; ergotin (aq. 
ext.), Bij. M. ft. pil. No. xx. Sig. One three times 
a day. 

The plaster is an excellent counter-irritant. The 
infusion is a good gargle in tonsillitis. 

CARBO.— Carbon. 
Carbo Animalis, Charcoal from Bone, U. S. 
Used in preparing cinchona sulph., morphia, and 
quinia sulphas, and santoninum. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 55 

Carbo Ligni, Charcoal from Wood, U. S. 
Used in preparing acidum sulphurosum and po- 
tassi iodidum. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Carbo Animalis Purificatus. 

Used in making acidum gallicum, digitalinum, 
strychnia, and veratria. 

Action and Uses. — Antiseptic, deodorizer, decolor- 
izer. 

Used in dyspepsia, flatulence, but its unsightliness 
renders it objectionable. 

CARD AMOMUM.— Cardamom. 

Origin. — Fruit of Elettaria (Alpinia, JRoxb.; Amo- 
mum, White) Cardamomum, Maton. Nat. ord., Zin- 
giberacese. 

Habitat. — Malabar; cultivated in other parts of 
India. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 4 to 5 per cent. ; fixed oil, 
10 to 11 percent.; starch, albuminoids, mucilage; 
ash, 15 per cent., containing 0.8 per cent of manga- 
nese. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, gr. 
v-xxx. 

Pulvis Aromaticus. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
Tinctura Cardamomi. Dose, f3i-ij. 
Tinctura Cardamomi Composita. Dose, f3i-iv. 
Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Dose, f3i-ij. 
Tinctura Rhei. Dose, f3i-iv. 
Vinum Aloes. Dose, f3i-3i"- 



56 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, carminative, stom- 
achic, flavoring adjunct. 

CAR YOPHYLLUS.— Cloves. 

Origin. — Buds of Eugenia Caryophyllata, Than- 
berg; Caryophyllus Aromaticus, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Myrtacese. 

Habitat. — Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical 
countries. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 18 per cent.; tannin, 13 
percent.; gum, 13 percent.; resin, 6 per cent.; wax, 
caryophyllin, eugenin. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Infusum Caryophylli (3ij-Oi). Dose, f3ij. 
Oleum Caryophylli. Dose, gtt. ij-vi. 
Spiritus Lavandulee Compositus. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (for infants). Dose, f3i. 
Vinum Opii. Dose, gtt. xv-xxx. 
Action and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic, anti- 
emetic, possibly antispasmodic. 

Good adjunct in flatulence, colic, hysteria. 

CASCARILLA. — Cascarilla. 

Origin. — Bark of Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Nat. 
ord., Euphorbiacese. 

Habitat. Bahama Islands. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 15 percent.; cascarillin; 
resin, 15 per cent.; little tannin, pectin, gum, starch. 

Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
Infusum Cascarilte. Dose, f3ij. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 57 

Action arid Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, in 
large doses a nauseant. 



CATECHU.— Catechu. 

Origin. — The heart -wood of Acacia Catechu, 
Willd., and A. Suma, Kurz. Nat. ord., Legumino- 
see, Mimosse. 

Habitat. — India; the second species also in East- 
ern Africa. 

Constituents. — Catechutannic acid, 50 per cent.; 
quercetin, catechin, catechu red; ash, 0.6 per cent. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Infusum Catechu Compositum. Dose, fgi-iij. 
Tinctura Catechu. Dose, f3i-iij. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids; 
salts of lead, silver, and antimony; persalts of iron, 
alkalies, chemically; vegetable alkaloids, and gela- 
tine, therapeutically. 

Synergists. — Tonics, bitters, agents increasing 
waste. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent. 

Much used in relaxed conditions of mucous mem- 
branes; especially used in diarrhea. 

CERIIM.— Wax. 

Cera Alba. Yellow wax, bleached. U. S. 
Cera Flava. A peculiar concrete substance pre- 
pared by Apis mellifica. II. S. 

Wax is a good excipient, and is made the basis of 



58 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

cerates. It enters also into pills, ointments, plas- 
ters, and suppositories. It also affords the mechan- 
ical dentist a substance with which to take impres- 
sions, though latterly it has almost been supplanted 
by plaster Paris. 

Wax is an ancient remedy for dysentery. 

CERIUM.— Cerium. 

A metal discovered in 1803, by three chemists 
simultaneously, of which only the oxalate is used in 
pharmacy. 

Cerii Oxalas. Dose, gr. i-iij. 

Action and Uses. — Sedative, in vomiting of preg- 
nancy. 

It is given in powder, pill, or suspended in muci- 
lage. It cannot be relied on, because of its frequent 
combination with salts of lauthanum, didymium, or 
other minerals. 

CETRARIA.— Iceland Moss. 

Origin. — Cetraria Islandica, Acharius. Nat. ord., 
Lichenes. 

Habitat. — Northern hemisphere. 

Constituents. — Lichenin; cetraric acid, 2 per cent, 
(crystalline, bitter); lichen-stearic acid, 1 per cent.; 
fumaric acid, oxalic acid, sugar; cellulose, 16 per 
cent. ; ash, 1 to 2 per cent. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
Decoctum Cetrarise. Dose, f3ss-iv. 
Action and Uses. — Demulcent, tonic, nutritive. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 59 

CHENOPODIUM.— Worm-seed. 

Origin. — Fruit of Chenopodium Ambrosioides, 
Lin.; Var. Anthelminticum, Gray. Nat. ord., Che- 
nopodiacese. 

Habitat. — West Indies and Central America; nat- 
uralized in the United States. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, sp. gr. 0.91; consists 
of C 10 H 16 and C 10 H 16 O. 

Dose, in substance, gr. xx-xl. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
Oleum Chenopodii. Dose (for child), gtt. v-x. 

Action and Uses. — Anthelmintic. 

A popular remedy for lumbricoides, given night 
and morning for two or three days, then followed by 
a brisk cathartic. 



CHIMAPHILA.— Pipsissewa. 

Origin. — Leaves of Chimaphila Umbellata, Nut- 
tall. Nat. ord., Ericaceae. 

Habitat. — Northern continents. 

Constituents. — Arbutin, ericolin, urson, tannin, chi- 
maphillin (yellow, tasteless, volatile prisms), sugar, 
gum, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Decoctum Chimaphilae. Dose, fgij-iv. 
Extractum Chimaphilse Fluidum. Dose, m. xx-xl. 

Actions and Uses. — Astringent, tonic, alterative, 
diuretic, nephritic. 

Winter-green is an Indian remedy for scrofula, 



60 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

rheumatism, and nephritic affections; also, a diu- 
retic in dropsy. 



CHLORAL. — Chloral (Hydrate). 

Chloral (C 2 HC1 3 0.H 2 0) was discovered by Leibig 
in 1832; soon after, he and Dumas determined its 
production and composition. It was introduced as 
a therapeutic agent by Dr. Leibreich, of Berlin, a few 
years ago. 

It is formed by dry chlorine being passed into ab- 
solute alcohol; and by continuing this, three atoms 
of hydrogen are abstracted from the resulting alde- 
hyd, with the formation of hydrochloric acid, and 
are replaced by three atoms of chlorine, producing 
chloral. It is subsequently purified and hydrated. 

Chloral hydrate occurs in white, crystalline masses, 
soluble in four parts of chloroform, and in less than 
its own weight of water, alcohol, and ether. In 
water or glycerine, it dissolves morphia, veratria, 
and other alkaloids. 

Antagonists and Incomp edibles. — The depression of 
heart and respiration caused by chloral is met by 
alcoholic stimulants, ammonia, atropia, galvanism, 
and artificial heat. 

Leibreich held strychnia, used hypodermically, to 
be antagonistic. 

Synergists. — The hypnotics, notably opium and 
anaesthetics, especially when given simultaneously. 

Action and Uses. — Locally, antiseptic, and, by some 
authorities, sedative; generally, hj^pnotic, sedative. 

Leibreich thought, from the action of an alkali 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 61 

upon chloral, that the soda of the blood would split 
it up into chloroform and formic acid. The follow- 
ing objections to this theory seem to invalidate it: 

1. The effects of chloral differ from those produced 
by a corresponding quantity of chloroform. 

2. After its administration, there is no elimination 
of chloroform by breath or urine. 

3. It is more decidedly hypnotic, and much less 
anaesthetic, than chloroform. 

4. Its crystals have been recognized in the blood, 
and the products of its decomposition recovered 
from the urine. 

The "chloral habit" must be guarded against in 
all cases where its use is to be prolonged. 

Valuable in seasickness, in from fifteen to thirty 
grain doses, every four hours. 

Effective in cholera, especially w^hen combined 
with morphia. #. Chloral hydrat., 3iij; morph. 
sulph., gr. iv; aq. laur.-cerasi, f3i. M. Sig. From 
15 to 20 minims in water every three or four hours. 

As a pure hypnotic is unequaled in sleeplessness, 
delirium tremens, acute mania, etc. 

Chloral and camphor, rubbed together, produce an 
oily fluid that is a good local anaesthetic. 



CROTON CHLORAL.-^Croton Chloral. 

A substance obtained bypassing a stream of chlo- 
rine through acetic aldehyd for twenty-four hours, 
separating and purifying the oleaginous fluid (butyl- 
chloral, or croton-chloral) which is formed, and con- 
verting it into hydrate. 



62 Materia Mech'ca and Therapeutics 

It was first obtained by Kramer and Pinner, in 
1870, when they thought it was croton-chloral, but 
subsequently decided it to be trichlor-butylaldehyd, 
which is butylaldehyd with 3H replaced with 3C1. 
The hydrate contains a little over 9 per cent, of 
water. 

It occurs in small, brilliant tabular crystals, sol- 
uble, but not freely so, in water; and, as respects 
antagonists and incompatibles, may be classed with 
chloral hydrate. 

Dose, gr. ij-xv, largely diluted in water. 

Action and Uses. — Is feebler and less certain, 
though resembling chloral hydrate. According to 
Leibreich, it has special action on the sensory di- 
visions of the fifth nerve; hence, used in facial neu- 
ralgias with success. It may be substituted for the 
hydrate when heart involvements are present. A 
combination of the two acts happily as a hypnotic, 
better than either alone. On account of its bitter 
taste, it is well to mask it in glycerine or syrup 
flavored with peppermint; or, still better, the syrup 
of licorice-root. The following mixture may be 
used: Butyl-chloral hydrate, 5 to 10 parts: glycer- 
ine, 20 parts; distilled water, 130 parts; to be well 
shaken. 

CHLORINUM.— Chlorine. CI. 

An elemental gas, powerfully decolorizing, irri- 
tating, and suffocating; also disinfecting, for which 
it is most used. 

Aqua Chlorinii, II. S. Dose, f3i-iv. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 63 

CHLOROFORMUM.— Chloroform. CHCL 

Chloroform was discovered by Soubeiran in 1832; 
analyzed by Dumas, 1834; used as an anaesthetic in 
1847, at the suggestion of Turnell, by Lawrence 
and Holmes Coate in London. It was introduced 
for this purpose in obstetric practice by the late Sir 
J. Simpson. 

Formerly procured by the action of caustic alka- 
lies on chloral, but prepared now by the distillation 
of diluted alcohol with chlorinated lime. 

CHLOROFORMUM VENALE.— Commercial 
Chloroform. 

A colorless liquid, varying sp. gr. from 1.45 to 
1.49. Shaken with an equal volume of officinal sul- 
phuric acid in a bottle closed with glass stopper, it 
forms a mixture which separates by rest into two 
layers, the upper one colorless, and the lower one 
(the acid) of a brownish hue, which after twenty- 
four hours becomes darker, but never quite black. 

CHLOROFORMUM PURIFICATITM.— Purified 
Chloroform. 
A colorless volatile liquid, not inflammable, of a 
bland, ethereal odor, and hot, aromatic, saccharine 
taste. Sp. gr. 1.48. Slightly soluble in water, free- 
ly so in alcohol and ether. In the experiment above 
no color is imparted to either. It dissolves gutta- 
percha, caoutchouc, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Mistura Chloroformi (f3ss to f3vi). Dose, fjss. 



64 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Spiritus Chloroformi (fji to fgxii, U. S.; f3i to 
fgxx, Br.). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Linimentum Chloroformi (f chloroform, f olive- 
oil). 

Liquor Gutta-perchae. And in preparing Atro- 
pia. 

Antagonists and Incompatible s. — It separates when 
prescribed with weak spirits or glycerine. It is sol- 
uble in alcohol (ten to six), in ether (one to seven), 
in water (one to two hundred). Dissolves freely 
with olive-oil and turpentine, but does not mix with 
glycerine. It dissolves caoutchouc, gutta-percha, 
mastic, tolu, benzoin, copal, among the gums; io- 
dine, bromine, the organic alkaloids; fixed and vol- 
atile oils, resins, and fats. 

There is no chemical antidote; artificial respira- 
tion, cold affusion, and galvanism may be employed. 

Synergists. — Anesthetics, opium, chloral, alcohol, 
etc. 

Action and Uses. — Counter-irritant, anaesthetic, 
stimulant, sedative, antispasmodic. (See Anaesthe- 
sia.) 

Flatulent colic: #. Chloroformi, tine, cardamom, 
comp., aa f3ij. M. S. Teaspoonful every hour, in 
water. 

Irritable ulcer of rectum and itching about the 
anal region: #. Ung. zinci oxid., 3i; chloroform, 
f3i. M. ft. unguentum. 

Neuralgia, by Bartholow's deep injection: Inject 
deeply in the region of the affected part five to fif- 
teen minims of pure chloroform. The consequent 
pain and swelling slowly disappear. Chronic cases 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 65 

are successfully treated thus, especially tic-doulou- 
reux, but of any nerves. 

Ointment for pruritus: #. Chloroformi, m.vi; cu- 
cumber cerat., Si. M. S. Apply. Or: #. Plumbi 
carbonat., 3ss; chloroformi, m.iv; ung. rosse aq., 
f3i. M. S. Apply. Also : Take of acetate of mor- 
phia one part, of chloroform eight parts, lard sixty 
parts, and oil of sweet almonds forty parts. Mix, 
and apply several times a day. 

CIMICIFUGA.— Black Snakeroot. 

Origin. — Root of Cimicifuga Racemosa, Elliott. 
Nat. ord., Ranunculaceae. 

Habitat. — North America, in rich woodlands. 

Constituents. — Crystalline principle not precipi- 
tated by lead acetate; soluble in chloroform and 
alcohol, the solution intensely acrid; resin, tannin, 
starch, gum. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Cimicifugse Fluidum. Dose, f3ss-i. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — As its prepara- 
tions contain tannin and gallic acids, they are in- 
compatible with iron. Stimulants, as alcohol, am- 
monia, antagonize therapeutically. 

Synergists. — Its action lies between digitalis and 
ergot; hence it is assisted by cold, digitalis, ergot, 
belladonna, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Alterative, emmenagogue, sed- 
ative, antispasmodic, and in large doses emetic. 

Decoction, not officinal, has been used consider- 
ably with benefit in chorea in children. 
5 



66 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

CINCHONA.— Cinchona. 
Syn. Peruvian, Cinchona Barks. 

Origin. — (1) Bark of the trunk of Cinchona Cal- 
isaya, Weddell; (2) bark of the branches of C. Offici- 
nalis, Hooker; (3) bark of the trunk of C. Succiru- 
bra, Pavon. Nat. ord., Rubiaeese, Cinchoneae. 

Habitat. — 1. North-eastern Bolivia and South- 
eastern Peru; altitude, 5,000 to 6,000 feet. 2. Ec- 
uador, chiefly in the neighborhood of Loxa. 3. 
Ecuador, west of Chimborazo; altitude, 2,500 to 
5,000 feet. 

Constituents. — Kinic (quinic) acid, kinovic (quino- 
vic) acid, kinovin (quinovin), cinchotannic acid, cin- 
chona red, volatile oil, guru, sugar, wax; ash, 2 to 3 
per cent. 

The most important constituents are these five 
alkaloids: quinia and quinidia (conquinamina), cin- 
chonia and cinchonidia, and quinarnina. 

Cinchona Flava. The yellow (Calisaya) bark of 
Cinchona. U. S. 

Cinchona Pallida. The pale bark of Cinchona. U.S. 

Cinchona Rubra. The red (succirubra) bark of 
Cinchona. U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Cinchonise Sulphas. Dose, gr. ij-xxx. 
Deeoctum Cinchonse Flavse. Dose, f3ij-iv. 
Extractum Cinchonee. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
Extractum Cinchonse Fluidum. Dose, gtt. ij-xv. 
Infusum Cinchonee Elavse. Dose, fgij. 
Quinise Sulphas. Dose, gr. i-xx. 
Pilulae Quinine Sulphatis (each, gr. i). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 67 

Tinctura Cinchona. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
Of the red bark: 

Decoctum Cinchonse Rubrse. Dose, f3ij-iv. 

Infusum Cinchunae Rubrse. Dose, f3ij. 

Tinctura Cinchonee Composita. Dose, f 3i— ij . 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Substances con- 
taining free tannic acid should not be administered 
with the infusion or decoction. Preparations of 
iodine (tincture or comp. tincture) form insoluble 
compounds. The alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and 
alkaline earths, precipitate the alkaloids. 

Therapeutically, by mercury, the iodides, and salts 
of copper, zinc, and lead. 

Gubler has shown that morphia and quinia are 
antagonists, with respect to their effect on the brain. 
In their effect on the sympathetic system, the heart, 
and the temperature, quinia and belladonna and its 
alkaloids are antagonistic. 

Synergists. — Agents which promote constructive 
metamorphosis, bitters, irons, arsenic, and the acids. 

Action and, Uses. — Astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, 
antiseptic, febrifuge, bitter. 

The specific in the treatment of malarial affec- 
tions. Except for bitters, the alkaloids have sup- 
planted the bark. 

Quinia combines with its synergists to make ton- 
ics, efficient and popular. 

CIKNAMOMUM.— Cinnamon. 
Origin. — Bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Nees. 
Nat. ord., Lauraceee. 



Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



Habitat. — Ceylon; cultivated. 
Constituents. — Volatile oil, etc. 
Oleum Cinnamomi. Dose, gtt. i-ij. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Tinctura Cinnamomi (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 

Aqua Cinnamomi. As a vehicle. 

Pulvis Aromaticus (cinnamon, ginger, each 2 
parts; cardamom and nutmeg, each 1 part). Dose, 
gr. x-xx. 

Confectio Aromatica (pulv. aromat. and honey). 

Spiritus Cinnamomi (oil, 3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Mild astringent, aromatic. Used 
in flavoring. 

COLCHICUM.— Colchicum. 

Origin. — Root and seed of Colchicum autumnale, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Melanthacese. 

Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe. 

Constituents. — Root: starch, gum, resin, sugar, fat, 
colchicia. Leaves: fixed oils, 6 to 8 per cent. ; gum, 
sugar, colchicin and its derivatives. 

Colchici Radix. The corm of Colchicum autum- 
nale. U. S. 

Colchici Semen. The seed of Colchicum autum- 
nale. U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Colchici Actum (of the root). Dose, 

gr. i-ij. 

Extractum Colchici Radicis Fluidum. Dose, 
m.ij-iv. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 69 

Vinum Colchici Radicis (f3vi to Oi). Dose, gtt. 
x-xv; purg., m.xxx. 

Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum. Dose, 
m.ij-vi. 

Tinctura Colchici (seeds, gij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Vinum Colchici Seminis (seeds, 3ij to Oi). Dose, 
f3ss-iss. 

Antagonists and Incomjp edibles.— Tannic acid by com- 
bination retards, but does not prevent, absorption. 

In poisoning, emetics, purgatives, and demul- 
cents, followed by opium and alcohols to meet heart 
depression.* 

Synergists. — Alkaloids that are gastro- intestinal 
irritants and heart depressants — veratria, aconitia, 
etc. ; therapeutically, emetics, purgatives, and alka- 
lies. 

Action and Uses. — Cathartic, emetic, sedative. 

Used also in gout and rheumatism. 

COLOCYNTHIS.— Colocynth. 

Origin. — Fruit, deprived of its rind, of Citrullus 
Colocynthis, Schrader; Cucumis Colocynthis, Lin. 
Nat. ord., Cucurbitaceee. 

Habitat. — Southern and Western Asia, and North- 
ern Africa. 

Constituents. — Colocynthin, resin, colocynthitin 
(tasteless, crystalline resin), pectin, gum; ash, 11 per 
cent. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Coloeynthidis (alcoholic). In com- 
bination only. 



70 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, 
gr. v-xxx. 

Pilulse Catharticae Composite. Dose, 1 to 3 pills. 

Action and Uses. — Drastic purgative, in large 
doses, emetic and irritant. 

Never used alone, but in combination with other 
purgatives; as a derivative purgative is best. 

CONIUM.— Hemlock. 

Origin. — Leaves and green-dried fruit of Conium 
Maculatum, Lin. Nat. ord., Umbelliferae, Campy- 
lospermse. 

Habitat. — Asia and Europe; naturalized in North 
America. 

Constituents. — Leaves: Conia (minute quantity), 
volatile oil(not poisonous), albumen, mucilage; ash, 
12 per cent. Fruit: Conia, I to j| per cent.; methyl- 
conia, conhydrina, little volatile oil, fixed oil. 

Conii Folia. The leaves of Conium Maculatum. 
U. S. 

Conii Fructus. The full-grown fruit of Conium 
Maculatum, gathered while green and carefully 
dried. IT. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Conii Fructus Fluidum. Dose, m.i-v. 

Extractum Conii (of the leaves). Dose, gr. i-ij. 

Extractum Conii Alcoholicum (leaves). Dose, 

gr- i-ij- 

Succus Conii. Dose, f3ss-i. 

Tinctura Conii (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Antagonists and Incomvatibles. — The caustic alka- 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 71 

lies, tannic acid, chemically; nux vomica, its alka- 
loids strychnia and brucia, picrotoxine and the te- 
tanizing agents in general, physiologically. 

Synergists. — Gelsemium, tobacco, veratrum viride, 
aconite, methylstrychnia, hydrocyanic acid, and 
opium. 

Action and Uses.- — Sedative, narcotic. 

It acts upon the nervous system electively, and is 
found useful in most, if not all, nervous affections. 



COPAIBA.— Copaiba. 

Origin. — Oleo-resin of (1) Copaifera Langsdorffii, 
Desf.; (2) Cop. Officinalis, Lin., and other species 
of Copaifera. Nat. ord., Leguminosee, Caesalpinese. 

Habitat. — 1. Brazil; 2. Venezuela and New Gra- 
nada. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle (soluble 
in water), resins, bitterish and mostly amorphous; 
copaivic, oxy-copaivic, and meta-copaivic acids are 
crystalline. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Oleum Copaiba. Dose, m.iij-xv. 

Pilulse Copaibse (each, gr. ivss). Dose, 3 to 5 
pills. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Agents increasing 
waste and vaso-motor depressants. 

Synergists. — Oils of cubeb and sandal-wood, stim- 
ulants. 

Action and, Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, diuret- 
ic, diaphoretic, laxative, and nauseant. 






72 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

In gonorrhea, after the subsidence of the acuter 
symptoms, we find its most useful field. A good 
formula: R. 01. copaiba, ol. cubebee, et ol. sant. 
flaw, aa f3i.; magnesise, 3ij. M. ft. pil. No. lx. S. 
2 pills every 4 hours. 

The nauseous taste and irritation that follow its 
use render it objectionable. Another objection is 
that it causes a roseola, or urticaria, to break out, 
occasionally, in subjects with tender skins. 



COPTIS.— Gold-thread. 

Origin. — Coptis Trifolia, Salisbury. Nat. ord., 
Ranunculacese. 

Habitat. — Northern continents. 

Constituents. — Berberina, coptina (white alkaloid), 
resin, sugar, etc.; ash, 4 to 5 per cent.; no tannin. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Nitrate of silver 
and acetate of lead. Agents promoting waste or 
destructive metamorphosis, in general. 

Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
etc., and under some circumstances the alkalies. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic (indigenous), bitter, re- 
sembling quassia. 

May be given in substance (gr. x-xxx), infusion 
(3i to Oi; dose, f3i-ij), and tincture (3i to Oi; dose, 
f3i-ij). 

CORIANDER.— Coriander. 

Origin. — Fruit of Coriandrum Sativum, Lin. Nat. 
ord , Umbelliferee, Ccelospermse. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 73 

Habitat. — Central Asia and Southern Europe; 
cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, J to 1 per cent.; fat, 
13 per cent.; mucilage, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, stom- 
achic. 

Dose, 9i-3i; rarely used, except in combination. 

CORNUS FLORIDA.— Dogwood. 

Origin. — Bark of Cornus Florida, Lin. Nat. ord. y 
Cornacese. 

Habitat. — North America, in woods. 

Constituents. — Cornin; tannin, 3 per cent.; resin, 
gum, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Decoctum Cornus Florida. Dose, f3ij. 

Extractum Cornus Florida Fluidum. Dose, f 3ss. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles.— Agents promoting 
waste. 

Synergists. — Iron, mineral acid, pepsin, bismuth, 
and under some circumstances the alkalies. 

Actions and Uses. — Astringent, tonic, bitter, febri- 
fuge. 

Has been recommended as a substitute for quini#. 

CREASOTUM.— Creasote. 

Obtained by the destructive distillation of differ- 
ent species of Pinus, is a thick viscid semifluid 
called tar, in which creasote is found. Sparingly 
soluble in water, freely so in alcohol and ether. 



74 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Aqua Creasoti (m. f to f3i). Dose f3i-iv. 

Unguentum Creasoti (f3ss to lard 3i). 

Action and Uses. — 'Disinfectant, antiseptic. 

It has been superseded almost entirely by carbolic 
acid. Its antagonists, incompatibles, and synergists 
may be reckoned as identical with those of that acid. 

The ointment is used in scaly eruptions. 



CITBEBA.— Cubeb. 

Origin. — Unripe fruit of Cubeba Officinalis, Mi- 
quel. Nat. ord., Piperacese. 

Habitat. — Java; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 5 to 15 per cent.; resin, 
3 per cent.; cubebic acid, 1 to 3 per cent.; cubebin, 
fat, wax, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Cubebse Fluidum. Dose, f3ss-ij. 

Oleo-resina Cubebse (8 times strength of powder). 
Dose, m. x-xx. 

Oleum Cubebse. Dose, gtt. x-xij. 

Tinctura Cubebae. Dose, f3ss-ij. 

Trochischi Cubebee (each, gtt. i of the oleo-resin.) 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, local irritant, car- 
minative (volatile oil), diuretic (resin and cubebic 
acid), laxative (medium dose). In chronic inflam- 
mations of the mucous surfaces, it is almost univers- 
ally used, viz.: nasal catarrh, by insufflation; atonic 
dyspepsia; catarrh of colon and rectum; catarrh of 
bladder; and in gonorrhea, in the oleo-resin, or oil. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 75 

CUPRUM.— Copper. Cu. 

Copper is found in nature as native copper, and 
in various ores. It is a reddish metal, sp. gr. 8.95, 
malleable, ductile, and of fair tenacity. Oxidizes 
in the air, becoming slowly coated with the subear- 
bonate. Its salts only, especially the sulphate, are 
used in pharmacy. 

Cupri Subacetas (verdigris), Impure Subacetate. 
U. S. 

Cupri Sulphas (blue-stone), Sulphate. U. S. 
Dose, gr. i-J. 

Cuprum. Copper wire, or foil. U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Cuprum Ammoniatum. Dose, gr. ^-J. 

Copper is used in preparing Spts. ^Etheris Ni- 
trosi. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
carbonates, lime-water, mineral salts (except sul- 
phates), iodides, and most astringent vegetables. 

In poisoning, albumen, milk, freely given, fol- 
lowed by emesis or stomach-pump. 

The most effective chemical antidote is ferro-cya- 
nide of potassium, forming the insoluble ferro-cya- 
nide of copper. 

Synergists. — Salts of lead, tin, zinc, mercury, sil- 
ver, gold; as they all promote destructive metamor- 
phosis, and affect the nervous system secondarily. 

All unfavorable surroundings favor the action of 
the salts of copper. 

Action and Uses. — Locally, astringent, haemo- 
static; generally, astringent, emetic. 



76 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Sulphate in small doses at times effective in vom- 
iting of pregnancy. Dose, gr. ^ (twentieth). 

Sulphate as emetic (gr. J closes) repeated till vom- 
iting is produced. It has been supplanted by zinc 
salts, which are better. 

Acute dysentery: #. Cupri sulph., gr. ss; magne- 
siae sulph., gi; acidi sulph. dil., f3i; aquse, f3iv. M. 
S. Tablespoonful every four hours. 

Chronic diarrhea or dysentery: #. Cupri' sulph., 
gr. i; morph. sulph., gr. i; quinise sulph., gr. xxiv; 
M. ft. pil. No. xij. S. One pill three times a day. 
The copper may be increased as tolerance is estab- 
lished. 



DIGITALIS.— Fox-glove. 

Origin. — Leaves of Digitalis Purpurea, Lin. Nat. 
ord. r Scrophulariacese. 

Habitat. — Europe, in sandy soil, in edges of 
woods. 

Constituents. — Digitalin, resin, mucilage, extract- 
ive, inosite, pectin. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Digitalinum (active principle). Dose, gr. ^\. 
Extractum Digitalis. Dose, gr. i-J. 
Extractum Digitalis Fluidum. Dose, m. i-ij. 
Infusum Digitalis (3ij to Oi).. Dose, f3ij-iv. 
Tinctura Digitalis (gij to Oi). Dose, m. v-x. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Cinchona prepa- 
rations, acetate of lead, sulphate and tine, chloride 
of iron, chemically; opium, aconite, lobelia, and the 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 77 

cardiac paralyzers partly; tannic acid and tannates 
more nearly; but saponine (active principle of Sa- 
ponaria officinalis) entirely, physiologically. 

Synergists. — Cold, ergot, belladonna. 

Action and Uses. — Diuretic, sedative, narcotic. 
Especially efficacious as a diuretic in dropsies result- 
ing from heart involvements. 

Its action is generally explained upon the hy- 
pothesis of increased blood-pressure, though Brun- 
ton says it is due to special action on the Malpig- 
hian tufts. 

In almost all cases of excited circulation the 
stimulating and tonic effect of digitalis acts most 
happily to regulate, and finally to relieve. 



ELATERIUM.— Elaterium. 

Origin. — Resin from the fruit of Ecbalium (Mo- 
mordica, Lin.) Elaterium, Richard. Nat. ord., Cu- 
curbitacese. 

Habitat. — Western Asia and Southern Europe; 
cultivated. 

Constituents. — Elaterin, 27 to 33 per cent. ; chloro- 
phyll; ash, 8 to 10 per cent.; perhaps, also, proph- 
etin, ecballin, hydro-elaterin, and elaterid. 

Elaterium. Dose, gr. \ (of Clutterbuck's, dose,. 

Elaterin (not officinal). Dose, gr. yg-yV 
Action and Uses. — Hydragogue cathartic. 
Used in ascites, or anasarca — general dropsy — to 

carry off fluid. The after exhausting effects have 

to be met with stimulants. 



78 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

ERGOTA.— Ergot. 

Origin. — Claviceps Purpurea, Tulasne. Nat. ord., 
Fungi. 

Habitat. — In the inflorescence of Secale cereale, 
Lin. j and of other grasses. 

Constituents. — Fixed oil, 30 per cent.; niycose, pro- 
teids; sclerotic acid, 4 per cent. ; scleromucin, 2 to 3 
percent.; sclererythrin, T i^ per cent.; scleroiodin, 
picrosclerotin, sclerocrystallin, and scleroxanthin, 
ecbolina and ergotina, ergotinia. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Ergotae Fluidum. Dose, m.x-f3i. 

Yinura Ergotae (fgij fld. ext. in Oi). Dose, f3ss-ij. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, 
metallic salts, chemically; aconite, veratrum viride, 
tobacco, lobelia, etc., physiologically. 

Synergists. — Electricity, cold, digitalis, belladonna, 
physiologically; savin, gossypuim, rue, borax, ther- 
apeutically. 

Action and Uses. — Emmenagogue, ecbolic, partu- 
rient, haemostatic, poisonous. 

Of late years, it is the haemostatic for oozing 
hemorrhage, as from the lungs, uterus, etc. 



ERIGERON.— Flea-bane. 

Origin. — Leaves and top of Erigeron Philadelphi- 
cum, Lin.; Erigeron Annuum, Persoon; and Erige- 
ron Strigosum, Muhlenberg. Nat. ord., Compositae. 

Habitat. — North America, in fields and pastures. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 79 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Erigerontis Canadensis Fluidum. 
Dose, f3ss-i. 

Oleum Erigerontis Canadensis. Dose, gtt. v. 

Action and Uses. — Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, 
astringent. 

EUPATORIUM.— Thoroughwort. Boneset. 

Origin. — Tops and leaves of Eupatorium Perfoli- 
atum, Lin. Nat. ord., Composite. 

Habitat. — North America, in low grounds. 

Constituents. — Eupatorin (bitter glucoside), vola- 
tile oil, tannin, gum, sugar, etc. 

Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 

Infusum Eupatorii. Dose, f«?i-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, 
emetic, laxative. 

Large dose of the infusion (1 pint) to produce 
vomiting. 

TEGMENTUM.— Yeast. 

Origin. — Torula (Saccharomyces, Meyen) Cerevis- 
ise, Turpin. Nat. ord., Fungi. 

Habitat. — In fermenting malt liquors. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, stimulating, laxative, 
antiseptic. 

FEKPTTM.— Iron. Fe. 

Iron, found native, is of supposed meteoric origin ; 
extensive combination with oxygen, sulphur, etc., 



80 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

found in ore-beds. Its separation from ores is a 
rich industry in the world. Hard, dark-gray metal, 
ductile and malleable, exceeds all other metals in 
tenacity. Its great utility may, from these proper- 
ties, be inferred. Sp. gr. 7.8. 

It exists in the animal and vegetable juices, and 
is an essential element to the blood. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Ferri Chloridum. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi. Dose, m.ij-x. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. Dose, m.x-xl. 

Ferri Citras. Dose, gr. x-xx. 

Liquor Ferri Citratis. Dose, m.x-xl. 

Ferri et Ammonii Citras. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Ferri et Ammonii. Sulphas. Dose, gr. ij-xij. 

Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Ferri et Potassii Tartras. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Ferri et Quinise Citras. Dose, gr. v-xv. 

Ferri et Strychinse Citras. Dose, gr. iij-v. 

Ferri Ferro - cyanidum (Prussian blue). Dose, 
gr. v. 

Ferri Lactas. Dose, gr. ij-x. 

Ferri Oxalas. Dose, gr. ij-v. 

Ferri Oxidum Hydratum. Dose, gr. v. 

(As an antidote, 20 grains to every 1 of arsenious 
acid taken.) 

Ferri Phosphas. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Ferri Pyrophosphas. Dose, gr. ij-vi. 

Ferri Subcarbonas. Dose, gr. v-xx. 

Emplastrum Ferri. 

Trochischi Ferri Subcarbonatis. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 81 

Ferri Sulphas. Dose, gr. i-x. 

Mistura Ferri Composita. Dose, f3ss. 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccata. Dose, gr. i-ij. 

Ferrum Redactum. Dose, gr. i-v. 

Pilute Ferri Carbonatis (Vallet's Mass). Dose, 
gr. x-xx. 

Pilulse Ferri Composite. Dose, 2 to 6 pills. 

Pilulae Ferri Iodidi (each, gr. i, Iodid. Ferri and 
gr. A Ferri Redac). 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi (grs. vijj to f3i). Dose, 
m.xx-xl. 

Liquor Ferri Nitratis. Dose, m.x-xx. 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis (Monsel's Solution). 
Dose, m.ij-x. 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis (to prepare hydrated 
sesquioxicle). 

Potassii Ferro-cyanidum. Dose, gr. x-xv. 

Ferri Bromidum (unofficinal). Dose, gr. x-xx. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The carbonate, 
with acids, acidulous salts, and vegetable astrin- 
gents; the citrates and tartrates, with mineral acids, 
alkalies, and their carbonates, tannic acid; the 
iodides, with acids, acidulous salts, alkalies, and 
their carbonates, lime-water, vegetable astringents; 
the tincture of the chloride, with alkalies and their 
carbonates, lime-water, carbonate of lime, magne- 
sia and its carbonate; and astringent vegetables, 
that turn it black. 

Synergists. — Agents that promote constructive 
metamorphosis, especially animal aliment, the sim- 
ple, aromatic and astringent bitters, cinchona, man- 
ganese, bismuth, etc. 
6 



82 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Action and Uses. — Haematic tonic, astringent 
(haemostatic and styptic). 

Debility from chronic malarial poisoning: #. 
Sulph. strychniae, gr. i; arsenic, acid., gr. iij ; ferri 
redact., 3i; sulph. quiniae, 3iss. M. ft. pil. No. Ix. 
S. One pill three times a day. 

Epilepsy, in anaemic subjects, it is recommended 
to combine bromide of potassium and iron: R. Po- 
tassii brom., 3i; ferri bromid., gr. iv; aq. dest., f3>j; 
syr. simp., fgvi. M. S. Tablespoonful three times 
a day. 

In giving iron it is best to administer a brisk ca- 
thartic every four or five days. 

FILIX MAS.— Male Fern. 

Origin. — Rhizome of (1) Aspidium Filix Mas, 
Swartz; and (2) Aspidium Margin ale, Willdenow. 
Nat. ord., Filices. 

Habitat. — 1. Rocky Mountains, Canada, Northern 
Europe, and Asia. 2. United States. 

Constituents. — Fixed oil, 6 to 7 per cent.; filitan- 
nic acid, filix red, chlorophyll, filicic acid — these 
found in the oleo-resina filicis. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Oleo-resina Filicis. Dose, m.v-xv. 

Action and Uses. — Taenifuge. 

Should be taken fasting, at bed-time, the dose be- 
ing suspended in milk. 

The following formula acts well in concealing it: 
R. Ext. filicis liquid (oleo-resina filicis), f3iss; mucil. ■ 
tragacanth, f3ss; syr. Zingerb., f&ij; aq. dest., ad 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 83 

f3iss. M. S. Taken at bed-hour, after a fast of 
several hours. 

FCENICULITM.— Fennel. 

Origin. — Fruit of Fceniculum Vulgare, Gartner. 
Nat ord., Umbelliferae, Orthosperrnee. 

Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe; culti- 
vated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 2 to 4 per cent. ; fixed 
oil, 12 per cent.; sugar, mucilage. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Oleum Fceniculi. Dose, m.v-$:v. 
Tinctura Rhei et Sennse. Dose, fgss-ij. 
Aqua Fceniculi (oil, m.xv to Oi). 
Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, stom- 
achic, galactogogue. 

In flatulent colic of infants infusion is much used. 

GALBANUM.— Galbanum. 

Ori^m.— Gum-resin from Ferula Galbaniflua, Bois- 
sier et Buhse, and other species of Ferula. Nat. ord., 
Umbelliferse, Orthospermse. 

Habitat. — Persia. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 6 to 9 per cent.; resin, 
60 to 66 per cent.; gum, 15 to 20 per cent.; umbel- 
liferon. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Emplastrum Asafoetidse. 

Emplastrum Galbani Compositum (turpentine, 
Burgundy pitch, lead-plaster). 



84 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Pilulse Galbani Composite (each, galban., gr. iss; 
myrrh, gr. iss ; asafcetidae, gr. ss). Dose, in substance, 
gr. x-xx. 

Action and Uses. Stimulant, expectorant, anti- 
spasmodic. 

GALLA. — Nut-gall. 

Origin. — Excrescences on Quercus Lusitanica, 
Webb; Var. Infectoria, De Cand.; Q. Infectoria, 
Olivier. Nat. ord., Cupuliferse. Caused by the punct- 
ures and deposited ova of Cynips Gallse Tinctorise, 
Olivier. 

Habitat. — Levant. 

Constituents. — Tannin, 50 to 60 per cent.; gallic 
acid, 2 to 3 per cent.; mucilage, sugar, resin, starch 
(in nucleus). 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Acidum Gallicum (vide page 9). Dose, gr. v-xx. 
Acidum Tannicum (vide page 17). Dose, gr. i-v. 
Tinctura Gallee (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3i-iij. 
Unguentum Gallae (1 to 7 of lard). 
Unguentum Acidi Tannici (3ss to gi). 
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici (3ij to 3i). 
Glyceritum Acidi Gallic! (3ij to gi). 
Suppositoria Acidi Tannici (each, gr. v). 
Trochischi Acidi Tannici (each, gr. i). 
The active principles in galls are tannic and gallic 
acids, which see for description, etc. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, salts 
of antimony, lead, and silver, persalts of iron, al- 
kalies. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 85 

Synergists. — Tonics, bitters, agents that promote 
waste. 

Action and Uses. — Astringent, styptic. 

(Its further use is but the exhibition of either tan- 
nic or gallic acids, which see.) 

GAMBOGIA.— Gamboge. 

Origin. — Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker fit.; G. Mo- 
rella, Desrousseaux; Var. Pedicellata, Hanbury. Nat. 
ord., Guttiferse. 

Habitat. — Anam, Camboja, and Siam. 

Constituents. — Gum, 16 to 20 per cent.; resin or 
cambogic acid, about 80 per cent. 

Action and Uses. — Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 
in substance, gr. ss-v. 

Gamboge enters in comp. cathartic pills: Calo- 
mel, gr. i; jalap, gr. i; comp. ext. colocynth, gr. 1J; 
and gamboge, gr. J, in each pill. Dose, 1 to 4 pills. 

It is rarely prescribed alone, owing to its violence 
and harshness, but is combined with other cathar- 
tics that modify its action. 

It is thought to be diuretic in small doses, re- 
peated at short intervals. 

GAULTHERIA.— Partridge-berry. 

Origin. — Leaves of Gaultheria Procumbens, Lin. 
Nat. ord., Ericaceae. 

Habitat. — Canada and United States; cool, damp 
woods. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, arbutin, ericalin, urson, 
tannki, sugar, gum, etc. 



86 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Oleum Gaultherise. Dose, gtt. v-xx. 
Syrupus Sarsaparillse Compositas. 
Trochischi Morphia et Ipecacuanha. 
Action a,nd Uses. — Stimulant, astringent, aromatic 
tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
Chiefly used in flavoring. 

GELSEMIITM.— Yellow Jasmine. 

Origin. — Root of Gelsemium Sempervirens, Alton. 
Nat. ord. 9 Loganiacese. 

Habitat. — Southern United States. Creeping rhi- 
zome and rootlets used. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, gelseminia, gelseminic 
acicl, resin, starch. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Gelsemii Pluidum. Dose, gtt. or 
m.v-x. 

Tinctura Gelsemii (unofficinal). Dose, gtt. x-xl. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The caustic alka- 
lies, tannic acid, chemically; diffusible stimulants, 
belladonna, digitalis, etc., physiologically. 

Synergists. — Conium, physostigma, tobacco, opi- 
um, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Nervine, antispasmodic, seda- 
tive. 

Especially useful in spasmodic coughs, neuralgias 
of fifth pair, and asthmas. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 87 

GENTIANA.— Gentian. 

Origin. — Root of Gentiana Lutea, Lin.; also, G. 
Purpurea, Lin.; G. Pannonica, Lin.; G. Punctata, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Gentianacese. 

Habitat. — Mountains of Central and Southern 
Europe. 

Constituents. — Gentiopicrin, gentisie acid, pectin, 
fixed oil. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Gentianae. Dose, gr. ij-iv. 

Extractum Gentianae Fluidum. Dose, ru.x-xxx. 

Infusum Gentianse Compositum. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Dose, f3i-iv. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Sulphate of iron, 
silver and lead salts; agents which promote waste. 

Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
and, under some circumstances, the alkalies. 

Action and Uses. — Aromatic bitter tonic. 

GL YCERINA.— Glycerine. 

A sweet principle obtained from fats and fixed 
oils. It is a colorless, inodorous, syrupy liquid, sp. 
gr. 1.25, with chemical formula, C 3 H 8 3 . U. S. 

Action and Uses. — Antiseptic, emollient, solvent, 
vehicle. 

The basis of the officinal glycerites. 

GLYCYRRHIZA.— Licorice. 

Origin. — Root of Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Le^uminospe, Pnpilionace?e. 



Materia Medica and Therapeutics 



Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Constituents. — Glycyrrhizin, about 6 per cent. ; su- 
gar, starch, asparagin, resin. 

Officinal Preparations, II. S. 
Extractum Glycyrrhizse Fluidum (for flavoring). 
Extractum Glycyrrhizse. Licorice. 
Action and Uses. — Demulcent, expectorant. 
Especially useful as a vehicle. 

GOS YPII RADICIS CORTEX.— Bark of Cotton- 

ROOT. 

Origin. — Gossypium Herbaceum, Lin., and other 

species of Gossypium. Nat. ord., Malvaceae. 

Habitat. — Subtropical Asia, Africa; cultivated in 
United States. 

Constituents. — Chromogene becoming red resin; 
yellow resin, fixed oil, little tannin, sugar, starch. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Gossipii Radicis Fluidum. Dose, 
f3ss-i. 

Action and Uses. — Emmenagogue, oxytoxic. 

Supposed to be used in the Southern States as a 
parturifacient. 

GOSSYPIUM.— Cotton. 

Origin. — Filamentous substance from the seed of 
Gossypium Herbaceum, im., and other species of 
Gossypium. Nat. ord., Malvaceae. 

Habitat. — Tropical Asia, Africa; cultivated in 
tropical and subtropical countries. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 89 

Constituents. — Cellulose and fixed oil, 9 to 10 per 
cent.; the latter removed by repeated boiling with 
caustic alkali, making " absorbent cotton." 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Pyroxylon. Gun-cotton. 

Collodium. Pyroxylon dissolved in ether and 
alcohol. 

Action and Uses. — Absorbent cotton is extensively 
used as a surgical dressing. 

Aurists make of it an artificial membrana tym- 

pani. 

Collodium. — Collodion . 

Collodium cum Cantharide. Blistering Collo- 
dion. 

Collodium Flexile. Flexible Collodion. 

Its use meets two indications, viz. : (1) To exclude 
air and hinder scratching; (2) to exert moderate 
astringency when dried. It is therefore used in 
small-pox to prevent pitting; in herpes zoster and 
erysipelas; to abort small boils; to facilitate careful 
union of incisions. 

The blistering collodion is a counter-irritant. 

GUAIACTJM.— Guaiac. 

Origin. — The heart-wood of Guaiacum Officinale, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Zygophyllacese. 

Habitat. — West India and Northern South Amer- 
ica. 

Constituents. — Resin, 20 to 25 per cent.; extract- 
ive soluble in water, 3 to 4 per cent. 

Guaiaci Lignum. 



90 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Guaiaci Resinse. Resin by spontaneous exuda- 
tion by incision, by dry heat, or by decoction of the 
wood. IT. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Tinctura Guaiaci. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. Dose, f 3i— ij - 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Spirits of nitrous 
ether, mineral acids. 

Synergists. — Agents which promote cutaneous ac- 
tivity; its action aided by warmth and warm dilu- 
ent drinks. 

Action and Uses. — Diaphoretic, alterative, sialo- 
gogue. 

Used with marked success in tonsillitis, half- 
drachm doses every four hours; also, chronic gout, 
rheumatism, lumbago, sciatica, etc. 

As it is acrid and disagreeable, it should be given 
in emulsion with mucilage, yelk of eggs, or milk. 

GUTTA-PERCHA.— Gutta-percha. 

Origin. — Concrete juice of Dichopsis (Isonandra, 
Hooker) Gutta, Bentley et Trimen. Nat. ord., Sapo- 
tacese. 

Habitat. — Malay peninsula and islands. 

Constituents. — A hydro-carbon (C 20 H 32 ), fine white 
powder, a yellow resin (C 20 H 32 O), and a white crys- 
talline resin (C 20 H 32 O 2 ). 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Liquor Gutta-perchse (in chloroform). Used in 
charta sinapis. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 91 

Action and Uses. — Adhesive and protective for 
wounds; also, for bougies, pessaries, caustic-holders, 
splints, etc. 

HJSMATOXYLOK— Logwood. 

Origin. — Heart-wood of Hsematoxylon Campechi- 
anum, Lin. Nat. ord., Leguminosse, Papilionacese. 

Habitat. — Central America; naturalized in the 
West Indies. 

Constituents. — Hematoxylin, resin, tannin, fat. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Decoctum Hsematoxyli, Dose, f3ij. 

Extractum Hsematoxyli. Dose, gr. x. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
salts of antimony, lead, silver, the persalts of iron, 
and alkalies. Vegetable alkaloids and gelatine form 
insoluble precipitates. 

Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents that increase 
waste. 

Action and Uses. — Astringent, tonic. 

Agreeable remedy for diarrhea, and is especially 
well taken by children. 

Used in combination with other astringents, cate- 
chu, etc. 

HUMULUS.— Hops. 

Origin. — The Strobiles of Humulus Lupulus, Lin. 
Nat. ord., TTrticacese, Cannabinese. 

Habitat. — Northern temperate zone; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 0.8 per cent.; resin, 9 
to 18 per cent.; tannin, 3 to 4 per cent.; ash, 7 to 



92 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

10 per cent. The aromatic and bitter virtues reside 

in the glands. 

- Lupulina. The yellow powder from the strobiles. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Infusum Humuli (gij to Oi). Dose, ad lib. 

Tinctura Humuli (giss to Oi). Dose, f3ss-ij. 

Extractum Lupulinse Fluidum (3xvi to Oi). Dose, 
f3ss-ij. 

Oleo-resinse Lupulinse. Dose, m.x-f3i. 

Tinctura Lupulinae (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, sedative anodyne, astrin- 
gent, anaphrodisiac. 

In the form of a pillow or poultice, hops has 
long been used, and as such is thought to act hap- 
pily in restlessness, or slight nervousness. 

With capsicum it is a good substitute, in effect, 
for alcohol, in old drunkards: fy. Ext. Lupulinee 
fl'd, tine, capsici, aa f3i. M. S. Teaspoonful when 
needed. 



HYDRARGYRUM.— Mercury. Hg. 

Mercury is a silver-white metal, liquid at ordina- 
ry temperatures, and has a specific gravity of 13.5. 
The Romans and Arabs used it externally; but the 
Hindoos were the first to use it internally. It 
occurs native, but usually in ores, the sulphide 
or cinnabar being most widely known, and the 
source from which it is obtained, by distillation 
w r ith iron or lime, for commercial and medicinal 
purposes. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 93 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

I. IN THE METALLIC STATE. 

Hydrargyrum. Mercury. Quicksilver. 

Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hyclrargyri. 

Emplastrum Hyclrargyri. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Hg. 37J per cent.). 
Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Pilulse Hyclrargyri (Hg. 33 per cent.). Dose, 1 to 
3 pills. 

Unguentum Hyclrargyri (Hg. 50 per cent.). 

II. OXIDIZED. 
Hyclrargyri Oxidum Rubrum. Used externally. 
Ung. Hyclrarg. Oxidi Rubri (3i-3vij). 
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. Used externally. 
Ung. Hydrarg. Oxidi Plavi (3i-3viij). 

III. SULPHUKETTED. 

Hydrargyri Sulpliuretum Rubrum. For fumi- 
gating. 

IV. AS PBOTOCHLOEIDE (SUBCHLOEIDE?). 

Hydrargyri Chloriclum Mite. Dose, gr. ss-x. 

Pilufe Antimonii Composite (Calomel, 16f per 
cent.). 

Pilute Cathartica Composite (each pill contains, 
calomel, ext. jalap, aa gr. i; ext. colocynth. comp., 
gr. 1^; and gamboge, gr. i), Dose, 1 to 4 pills. 

• V. AS BICHLOEIDE (PEOTOCHLOEIDE [?] 
PEECHLOEIDE, Br.), 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. Dose, gr. 
i _^ i_ 

2 10* 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Used externally. 
Unguentum Hydrarg. Ammoniati (gr. xl to 3i). 



94 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

VI. WITH IODINE. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Bubrum (biniodide). Dose, 

g r - tV 

ling. Hydrarg. Iodi. Rub. (gr. xvi to 3i). 

Liquor Arsenici et Hydrarg. Iodidi (Donovan's 

Solution). Dose, m.v-x. 

Hydrarg. Iodidum Viride (protoiodide). Dose, 

firr. i. 

VII. WITH CYANOGEN. 

Hydrargyri Cyanidum. Dose, gr. y 1 ^-^. 

VIII. WITH ACIDS. 
Liquor Hydrarg. Nitratis. As a caustic. 
Ung. Hydrarg. Mtrat. (Citrine Ointment). 
Hydrarg. Sulphas Flava (Turpeth Mineral). Dose, 
gr. J-J. As an emetic, dose, gr. ij. 

Oleate of Mercury (unofficinal). 

Of from 5 to 20 per cent, strength, ranging from 
a pale-yellow color to a deep-yellow, and from an 
oily fluid to a stiff ointment. An excellent substi- 
tute for mercurial ointment, clean, and may be 
scented to taste. In the treatment of syphilis by 
inunction, this form is to be preferred; the same pre- 
cautions to be observed as in other treatment. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Corrosive subli- 
mate, with alkalies, their carbonates, lime-water, 
tartar emetic, nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, albu- 
men, iodide of potassium, soaps, various vegetable 
infusions, including cinchona. 

Calomel, with alkalies, alkaline earths, alkaline 
carbonates, iron, lead, copper. It should not be 
given with iodine (forms red iodide), or nitro-muri- 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 95 

atic acid (forms corrosive sublimate). It forms cor- 
rosive sublimate with the chlorides of potassium, 
sodium, and ammonium. 

In poisoning by corrosive sublimate, albumen 
(the white of eggs, four eggs to each grain) should 
be followed by immediate emesis. 

Physiologically and therapeutically, mercury is 
opposed by chlorate of potassium, bitter tonics, 
stimulants, and restorative medicines in general — 
quinia, iron, etc.; chemically, by iodide of potas- 
sium, by re-dissolving it in the system. 

Synergists. — Depressing agents, antimony, alka- 
lies, especially alkaline chlorides. 

Action and Uses. — Mercury has a most diversified 
range of powers. It is antisyphilitic, antiphlogis- 
tic, chologogue, and vermicide. 

As an antisyphilitic, it acts by its general catalytic 
power, first upon lower organisms, then upon new 
growths, and finally upon normal structures. As 
the specific for syphilis, it electively antidotes its 
special entity, whatever it is. 

As an antiphlogistic, it acts by modifying the 
blood, especially the components of fibrin, and, in 
some way, the amoeboid wanderings of the leuco- 
cytes. Absorption is promoted, and lymph does 
not become organized under its use. 

As a chologogue, it acts by stimulating the bile- 
producing function of the liver, as it passes out of 
the system through it, in common with all other 
glands, kidneys, salivary, liver, pancreas, etc. It 
stimulates the liver, however, especially, being per- 
haps the only chologogue per se. 



96 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

As a vermicide, it destroys the parasite directly; 
and when it does not succeed in this, it is acknowl- 
edged to be an excellent adjuvant to vermicides and 
vermifuges. 

Possessing such extensive powers, this agent is 
very valuable. But as its power is due principally, 
if not entirely, to its catalytic nature, care must be 
observed in its exhibition. It becomes a poison 
when pushed too far, and should then be withdrawn, 
or the dose diminished, preferably the latter. Its 
poisonous effect is first manifested by the blue line 
along the gum, near the incisors soonest, the fetid 
breath, and increasing salivation. 

Salivation is but rarely seen in the aged, and nev- 
er in infants, depending upon shrunken glands in 
the one, and rudimentary glands in the other, hence 
it is supposed they escape its catalytic power. But 
infants do experience its baleful effects in a remote 
way, seen in imperfect dentures and perverted nu- 
trition of the tooth-matrices. Their teeth are im- 
perfect, or are so modified as to yield to decay early. 

Again, salivation may occur during a course of 
iodide of potassium after a course of mercury, due 
to the elimination of mercury re-dissolved in the 
system by it. 

This agent becomes incidentally a tonic. In syph- 
ilis, by relieving the specific cachexia, and in debil- 
ity depending upon an obstructed portal circulation 
and deficient quantity of bile, by its chologogue 
power. 

By its local excitation in passing through the 
glands of the intestines, it becomes a purgative. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 97 

HYDRASTIS. — Hydrastis. Golden-seal. 

Origin. — Root of Hydrastis Canadensis, Lin. Nat. 
ord.y Ranunculacese. 

Habitat. — North America, east of the Mississippi, 
in woodlands. 

Constituents. — Berberina, 3 to 4 per cent.; hydras- 
tia, xanthropuccina, starch, sugar, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Hydrastis Fluidum. Dose, f3ij-iv. 

Tinctura Hydrastis (un officinal). Dose, m.x-f3i. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies, tannic 
and muriatic acids. 

Synergists. — Vegetable tonics, especially berberis 
vulgaris and colutnba, both of which contain berbe- 
rina. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, deobstruent, alterative, 
diuretic. 

In combinations, care should be taken to avoid 
tannic acid. 

In the treatment of subacute inflammations — ca- 
tarrhs — the tincture or fluid extract (dose 5 to 15 
drops) is specially useful. 

As an intermittent it ranks close to quinia. 

Used also in debility from acute diseases. 

ICTHYOCOLLA.— Isinglass, 

From the swimming-bladder of Acipenser Huso, 
and of other fishes. U. S. 

Isinglass is only used in medicine as an article 
of diet for the sick, and as the basis of glue for 
court-plaster. 



98 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

HYOSCYAMUS.— Henbane. 

Origin. — Leaves and seed of Hyoscyamus Niger, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Solanacege. 

Habitat. — Europe and Asia; naturalized in North 
America. 

Constituents. — Hyoscyamia, hyoscypicrin, mucil- 
age, albumen, from leaves; fixed oil, 25 per cent.; 
mucilage, proteids, hyoscyamia, from seeds. 

Hyoscyami Folia et H. Semen. II. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Hyoscyami (from the juice). Dose, 
gr. i-iij. 

Extractum Hyoscyami Alcoholic, (dried leaves). 
Dose, gr. i-iij. 

Extractum Hyoscyami Fluidum (leaves). Dose, 
m.v. 

Tinctura Hyoscyami (dried leaves, 3ij to Oi). Dose, 
f3ss-ij. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies. 
Physiologically, physostigma. Opium, within cer- 
tain limitations. 

In poisoning, these two should be used, followed" 
by prompt emesis. 

Synergists. — Excito-motors, belladonna, digitalis, 
ergot, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Anodyne, hypnotic, dilates the 
pupil, narcotic. 

One of a group — belladonna, stramonium, hyos- 
cyamus — and is usually combined with them. 

The hypnotic property is taken advantage of in 
cases of young children, where opium may not be 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 99 

used. It is also combined with purgatives to pre- 
vent griping. 

IODINUM.— Iodine. L 

A bluish-gray, non-metallic element, usually in 
scales, obtained principally from ashes of sea-weeds. 
Obtained by Courtois, in 1812, in the residual liquor 
of the process of procuring soda from kelp (ashes 
of sea- weed). Occurs in sea- water, and several 
kinds of mineral-waters, in sea-weeds, sponge, cor- 
als, and some moluscous animals. Its name means 
violet-colored, given because of the color of its va- 
por. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Tinctura Iodini (3i to Oi). For external use. 

Tinctura Iodini Composita (Iodini, 3ss; iod. po- 
tas., 3i; alcohol, Oi). Dose, gtt. x-xx. 

Liquor Iodini Compositus (Iodid., 3vi; potas. iod., 
3iss; aq. dest., Oi). Dose, m. v-xx. 

Unguentum Iodini. 

Unguentum Iodini Compositum. 

Liquor Arsen. et Hydrarg. Iodini (Donovan's Sol.). 
Dose, gtt. v-x. 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi (Iod. of iron, gr. vij J to f3i). 
Dose, m.x-xxx. 

Pilulse Ferri Iodidi (Ferri iod., gr. i; ferri redact., 
gr. i, in each). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, me- 
tallic salts, vegetable alkaloids. 

Its chemical antidote is starch, forming the iodide 
of starch, which, from danger of absorption, should 
be removed at once. 



100 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 

Water precipitates the tincture, but dilutes the 
compound tincture. 

Therapeutically, those remedies which promote 
constructive metamorphosis, and the vaso- motor 
tonics, quinia, digitalis, cold, etc. 

Synergists. — Alkalies and other remedies which 
increase waste. Under some circumstances mercu- 
rials, especially, are synergistic. 

Action. — Iodine is a powerful sorbefacient, acting 
upon the entire lymphatic system, composed of ves- 
sels, glands, and spaces (serous). It modifies the 
blood much in the manner of mercury, and, by this 
action upon the fibrin factors and albumen, causes it 
to turn to even the normal tissues themselves. 

It has also a positive chemical action upon met- 
als in the system, and, by combination rendered 
soluble, they are eliminated. This is especially the 
case with the insoluble albuminates of mercury and 
lead, which are readily dissolved by the iodides. 
Partly owing to this power, and partly to an inherent 
catalytic power, it is antisyphilitic, useful in the 
secondary or tertiary stage, when specific new 
growths have begun. This effect obtains after a 
course of mercury. 

It is disinfectant by coagulating the albumen of 
the tissues, when applied locally. 

It is also counter-irritant, and even vesicant. 

The iodide of potassium is the best form for its 
exhibition, as it loses no power by the combination, 
and is even more readily introduced. Its effect is 
sometimes manifested by a coryza and considera- 
ble irritation of nasal and pharyngeal mucous mem- 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 101 

branes. These symptoms, exaggerated by idiosyn- 
crasy or saturation of the system, become what is 
known as iodism, which is thought to be due to 
some occult neurotic effect not thoroughly under- 
stood. 

As a sorbefacient, it is used in the treatment of 
goiter, hydrocele, and other chronic enlargements 
not sensitive to moderate pressure. The first effect 
is to increase the inflammatory symptoms, but in a 
few days, at most, they commence to disappear, 
and the cure is obtained. Some have thought this 
the result in all cases in which it is effective, and rely 
on it. 

Dentists employ the tincture to remove tartar 
from the teeth; to stimulate receding gum; and as 
an injection in alveolor abscess. In the latter case 
it is deodorant by the sulphuretted hydrogen re- 
sulting in a precipitation of sulphur and the forma- 
tion of hydriodic acid. This acid, it is thought, 
favors resolution. 

IODOFOEMUM.— Iodiform. 

A terioclide of formyl, occurring in yellow, scaly 
crystals, with a saffron-like odor. 

Prepared by decomposing an alcoholic solution 
of iodide of potassium with chlorinated lime. It is 
insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
the fixed and volatile oils. Decomposed by heat at 
250 F., giving off violet vapors. 

Action and Uses. — Local anaesthetic, disinfectant. 

Used as a powder, dusted on; or suppositories, 
urethral especially (gr. v-x) ; or application in chron- 



102 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

ic or irritable inflammations. A twenty per cent, 
ethereal solution sometimes advised in chronic sore- 
throat. 

IPECACUANHA.— Ipecacuanha. 

Origin. — Root of Cephselis Ipecacuanha, A. Rich- 
ard. Nat. ord.j Rubiaceae, Coffese. 

Habitat. — Brazil to Bolivia and New Granada, in 
damp forests. 

Constituents. — Emetia, 1 per cent.; ipecacuanhic 
acid, resin, pectin, starch, sugar. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Ipecacuanhas Fluidum. Dose, gtt. 
xx-xxx. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanha Compositus. Dose, gr. x. 

(Dover's Powder: Ipecac, 1 part; opium, 1 part; 
sulph. potash, 8 parts.) 

Trochischi Ipecacuanha. 

Trochischi Morphise et Ipecacuanha (Morph., 

Syrupus Ipecacuanha (fgij ext. to syr. f3xxx). 
Dose, f3i-f3ss. 

Vinum Ipecacuanhae (fgij ext. to sherry wine 
f3xxx). Dose, f3i-iv. 

Antagonists and In compatibles. — Salts of lead and 
mercury, vegetable acids, and astringent infusions. 
Bismuth, carbolic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and nar- 
cotics generally, hinder its action. 

Synergists. — The local and systemic emetics. 
Opium and warm diluents promote its diaphoretic 
action. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 103 

Action and Uses. — Expectorant, nauseant, emetic, 
tonic (in small doses, gr. J- to £). 

As an emetic, four grains every half hour, with 
free ingestion of warm water. 

In epidemic or acute dysentery, large doses (gr. 
xx to 3i), combined with, or preceded by, an opiate, 
to obtain tolerance, is used with success; not so 
good in chronic forms. 

JALAPA. — Jalap. 

Origin. — The tuber of Exogonium Purga, Ben- 
tham. Nat. ord., Convolvulacese. 

Habitat. — Eastern Mexico. 

Constituents. — Starch, gum, sugar, etc.; resin, 12 
to 22 per cent.; about one-tenth of the resin is sol- 
uble in ether and alkaline solutions, and is precipi- 
tated by acids; the remainder is glucoside con vol v- 
ulin, which is soluble in alkalies, and converted into 
convolvulic acids, which are soluble in water. 
Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Jalapse. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Pulvis Jalapse Compositus (Jalap 1, and cream of 
tartar 2 parts). Dose, gr. xx-3i. 

Resina Jalapse. Dose, gr. ij-iv. 

Tinctura Jalapae (powd., 3iij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Diuretic, hydragogue cathartic. 

Used to carry off excessive fluids in general drop- 
sy and ascites. 

JUGLANS. — Butternut. 
Origin. — Inner bark of Juglans Cinerea, Lin. 
Nat. ord. y Juglandacese. 



104 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Habitat. — North America. 

Constituents. — Mucin, fixed oil, 14 per cent.; trace 
of volatile oil and tannin. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Extractum Juglandis. Dose, gr. v-x, laxative; 
gr. xx-xxx, purgative. 

Action and Uses. — Cathartic, tonic. 

Like rhubarb, it evacuates the bowels without 
debilitating. Given in decoction, or the officinal 
extract. 

JUNIPERTJS.— Juniper. 

Origin. — Fruit of Juniperus Communis, Lin. 
Nat. ord.j Conifers. 

Habitat. — Northern hemisphere. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, J to 2 J per cent.; su- 
gar, 30 per cent.; resins, 10 per cent.; yellowish 
juniperin, wax, fat, mucilage, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Infusum Juniperi (berries, 3i to Oi). Dose, 
fSiv-Oi. 

Oleum Juniperi. Dose, gtt. ij-xv. 

Spiritus Juniperi Compositus (oil, 3iss to Oviij). 
Dose, f3ij-iv. 

Spiritus Juniperi (oil, fgi to Oiij). Dose, f3ss-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diuretic; externally, 
anodyne. 

Acts better in combination with other diuretics. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 105 

KINO.— Kino. 

Origin. — Inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsu- 
pium, Roxburgh. Nat. ord., Leguminosae, I^apiliona- 
ceae. 

Habitat. — East Indies. 

Constituents. — Kino-tannic acid, kino red, pyro- 
catechin, kinoin: ash, 1.3 per cent. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Tinctura Kino (giss to Oi). Dose, f3i. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
salts of antimony, lead, and silver, persalts of iron, 
and the alkalies; vegetable alkaloids and gelatine 
form insoluble precipitates. 

Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents promoting 
waste. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent. 

KRAMERIA.— Rhatany. 

Origin. — Root of (1) Krameria Triandra, Ruiz et 
Pavon; (2) K. Tomentaso, St. Hilaire. Nat. ord., 
Polygalaceae, Kramerieae. 

Habitat. — 1. Peru and Bolivia. 2. New Granada. 

Constituents. — Kramero-tannic acid, about 20 per 
cent. ; rhatanic red, starch. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Krameriae. Dose, gr. v-x. 
Extractum Krameriae Fluidum. Dose, gtt. xx. 
Infusum Krameriae (3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
Syrupus Krameriae. Dose, f3ss. 
Tinctura Krameriae (3iij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 



106 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
salts of antimony, lead, and silver, persalts of iron, 
the alkalies; vegetable alkaloids and gelatine form 
insoluble precipitates. 

Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents increasing 
waste. 

Action and Uses. — Gently tonic, astringent (due to 
tannin). 

LACTUCARIUM.— Lactucarium. 

Origin. — Concrete juice of Lactuca Yirosa, Sativa, 
and Scariola, Lin. Nat. ord., Composite. 

Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe; culti- 
vated (garden lettuce). 

Constituents. — Lactucin, lactucic acid, lactucerin 
or lactuon, lactucopicrin, caoutchouc, resin, sugar, 
mucilage, asparagin, trace of volatile oil; ash, 8 to 
10 per cent. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Syrupus Lactucarium (3i to Oi). Dose, f3ss. 

Action and Uses. — Feeble narcotic, laxative, diu- 
retic. 

Sometimes substituted for opiates in children. 

LAVANDULA. — Lavender. 

Origin. — Flowers of Lavandula Vera, De Candalle. 
Nat. ord., Labiatse. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1J per cent.; resin, lit- 
tle tannin. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 107 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Oleum Lavandulae. Dose, gtt. iij-x. 

Spiritus Lavandulae (is in Mist. Ferri Comp.). 
Dose, f3ss-i. 

Spiritus Lavandulae Compositus. Dose, f3i-iv. 

Action arid Uses. — Stimulant, carminative, nerv- 
ine, errhine. 

The oil is used in perfumery. 

LEPTANDRA.— Leptandra. 

Origin. — The root of Leptandra Virginica, Nut- 
ted. Nat. ord.y Scrophulariaeeae. 

Habitat. — North America, in low grounds. 

Constituents. — Leptandrin; resin, 6 per cent.; sap- 
onin, tannin, mannite, gum, and possibly a volatile 
alkaloid. 

Extractum Leptandrae Fluidum (unofficinal). 
Dose, m.xxx-f3i. 

Dose, in substance, gr. x-3i. 

Action and Uses. — Culver's root is emetic, cathar- 
tic (chologogue). 

In small doses, thought to be like rhubarb. 

The fluid extract is aperient. 

LIMOKES.— Lemon. 

Origin. — Citrus Limonum, Risso. Nat. ord., Au- 
rantiaceae. 

Habitat. — India; cultivated in subtropical coun- 
tries. 

Constituents. — Citric acid, 7 to 9 per cent. ; malic 
acid, mucilage. 



108 Materia MecUca and Therapeutics 

On keeping lemons for months, the citric acid is 
changed to sugar and carbonic acid. 
Limonis Cortex. Lemon-peel. 
Limonis Succus. Lemon-juice. Dose, f3i-iv. 
Oleum Limonis. 
Acidum Citricum. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Spiritus Limonis. Used for flavoring. 

Mistura Potassii Citratis (Neutral Mixture). Dose. 
f3i-ij. 

Syrupus Limonis. As a vehicle. 

Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus. Dose, f3ss-i. 

Syrupus Acidi Citrici. As a vehicle. 

Action and Uses. — Refrigerant, tonic, antispas- 
modic, antiscorbutic. 

It is refrigerant, possibly, more because it can be 
so readily formed into effervescing and cooling 
drinks than from any inherent properties. 



LINTTM.— Flaxseed. 

Origin. — Linum Usitatissimum, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Linacese. 

Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe; cultivat- 
ed and spontaneous in most temperate countries. 

Constituents. — Fixed oil, 30 to 35 per cent.; mu- 
cilage, 15 per cent.; proteids, 25 per cent.; resin, 
wax, sugar; ash, 3 per cent. 

Oleum Lini. Flaxseed oil (Linseed oil). 

Lini Farina. Flaxseed meal. , 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 109 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Infusum Lini Compositum. As a demulcent. 
Dose, f3i-iv. 

Ceratrum Resinre Compositum. Deshler's Salve. 

Linimentum Calcis. Carron oil. For burns. 

Action and Uses. — Demulcent, antiphlogistic, as a 
poultice. 

LITHIUM.— Lithium. Li. 

Lithium is the lightest solid body known, sp. gr. 
0.59, floats in naphtha. Discovered by Arfwedson, 
in 1818; occurs in the minerals petalite and lepid- 
olite, from Sweden, and in many mineral waters. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Lithii Carbonas. Dose, gr. iij-vi. 

Lithii Citras. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Antagonists and Incompatible^ . — Acids, acidulous 
salts, and metallic salts. 

Synergists. — Alkalies; agents promoting waste, 
iodides, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Diuretic, forming a very solu- 
ble compound with urea, which favors its rapid 
elimination. 

Used in chronic rheumatism and rheumatic gout, 
with success. 

The bromide (unofficinal) is most used, especially 
after the subsidence of the acute stage. 

#. Lithii brom., 3iij ; syr. Zingerb., fgss ; aq. dest., 
fSiss. M. S. Teaspoonful three times a clay. 

R. Lithii carb., 3i; acid, citric, 3ij; aq. dest., 
f3ij. M. S. Teaspoonful every four hours. 



110 Materia Medlca and Therapeutics 



LOBELIA.— Lobelia. 

Origin. — Lobelia Inflata, Lin. Nat. ord. 9 Lobe- 
liacese. 

Habitat. — North America, in fields and open 
woods. 

Constituents. — Lobelina, lobelocrin, lobelic acid, 
resin, fat, gum, wax. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Acetum Lobelia (f3ij to Oi). Dose, gtt. x to f3i-ij. 

Tinctura Lobelia (3ij to Oi). Dose, gtt. x to 
f3i-ij. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The caustic alka- 
lies (decompose the lobelina). The depression of 
the circulation caused by it, met by digitalis, bella- 
donna, ergot, and other vaso-motor excitants, as al- 
cohol, ether, ammonia, etc.; effect on the nervous 
system, by strychina, picrotoxine, thebaia, etc. 

Synergists. — All motor depressants. 

Action and Uses. — Expectorant, emetic, diuretic, 
diaphoretic, narcotic, nervine, antispasmodic. 

In asthma, may be combined with the iodide and 
bromide of ammonium: #. Tinct. lobelia, fgi; am- 
nion, iodid., 3ij ; amm. bromicl., 3ij; syr. tolutan., 
fgij. M. S. Teaspoonful every one, two, or three 
hours. 

MAGNESIUM.— Magnesium. Mg. 

A silver-white metal, obtained by decomposing 
chloride of potassium or sodium, hard, ductile, not 
acted on by water or air, except at high tempera- 



For Dentists and Dental Students. Ill 

ture, when it oxidizes, burns with an intense white 
light, and deposits a cloud of magnesia. As the 
chloride, is found in sea-water; as oxide, in mineral 
waters. 

It exists in most plants, as wheat-straw; in small 
quantity found in the animal system, especially the 
urine and urinary calculi. 

Magnesii Carbonas. Dose, 3ss-3i. 

Magnesii Sulphas (Epsom Salts). Dose, 3i-3i. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Magnesia. Dose, 3i-iv. 

Trochischi Magnesiae (each, gr. iij). 

Liquor Magnesia Citras. Dose, fgij-iv. 

Synergists. — Cathartics and purgatives— senna, the 
salines, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Magnesia and its carbonate are 
antacid, and act secondarily as laxative (thought to 
be transformed to bicarbonate by the carbon diox- 
ide in the intestines). 

The sulphate of magnesium is the great hydra- 
gogue cathartic. Small doses, largely diluted, taken 
every morning, are recommended for constipation. 
Boiling with coffee easily conceals the taste, which is 
disagreeable to some, without impairing its action ; 
combining with syrup of ginger and mint-water, is 
another recourse. 

Its most important use (sulph. magn.) is in lead- 
colic, combined with dilute sulphuric acid : Vc Magn. 
sulphat., 3i; acid, sulph. dil., f3i; aq. dest., fgiv. 
M. S. Tablespoonful every three hours. 

Acute dysentery is treated with it: Saturate seven 



112 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 

ounces of water with it, add one ounce of dilute 
sulphuric acid. Take of this a tablespoonful every 
hour or two, till it operates. Sulphate of morphia 
may be combined with it; or starch and morphia 
enemata may be used with propriety. 

MANGAKESIUM.— Manganese. Mh. 

This metal was discovered by Gahn, in 1774. It 
is hard, brittle, of grayish color, and emits a pecul- 
iar odor when handled, or in moist air; sp. gr. 8. 
When pure it oxidizes readily in the air, requiring 
to be kept under naphtha. 

It forms numerous combinations with oxygen, but 
the black oxide (or peroxide) is the only officinal 
form. 

Manganesii Oxidum Nigrum. Dose, gr. iij-xx. 

Manganesii Sulphas. Dose, gr. v-xx. 

Unofficinal Preparations. 

Syrupus Perri et Manganesii Iodidum. Dose, 
m.x-f3i. 

Perri et Manganesii Carbonas Sach. Dose, gr. 
v-xx. 

Syrupus Manganesii Iodidum ; same dose as offi- 
cin. syr. of iron. 

Potassse Permanganas. Dose, gr. J-i. 

(In prescribing this, water free of organic matter 
is necessary.) 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of lead, sil- 
ver, and mercury; caustic alkalies. 

Synergists. — Iron (haematic effect) ; salts of copper, 
silver, zinc (neurotic effect). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 113 

Action and Uses. — In small doses, alterative, tonic; 
large, purgative. 

In combination with iron, is given in anaemia and 
chlorosis. 

Gastrodynia and pyrosis are relieved by ten to fif- 
teen grain doses of the black oxide (Dr. Leard) — 
the io ashed oxide. 

To promote constructive metamorphosis : #. Quin- 
ine sulph., ferri sulph., exsic, mangan. sulph. exsic, 
aa 9i. M. ft. pil. No. xx. Sig. One pill three times 
a day. 

In malarial jaundice: #. Chinoidin, 3i; man- 
gan. sulph. excise, Bij. M. ft. pil. No. xx. S. One 
pill three times a day. 

The permanganate of potassa is a powerful ox- 
idizing agent, yielding oxygen readily in the form 
of ozone. Externally, it is used as a disinfectant 
and deodorizer; but as its effect is not lasting, it must 
be repeated often. Internally, for flatulence of obes- 
ity, dyspepsia, the so-called uric acid diathesis, ery- 
sipelas, septicsemia, and diphtheria, small closes, in 
pure water, or in combination with other agents. 

MANNA. — Manna. 

Origin. — Fraximus Ornus, Lin. Nat. ord., Ole- 
acese. 

Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterranean. 

(Juice exuding from incisions, allowed to harden.) 

Constituents. — Mannite, 90 per cent., in the best 
varieties; glucose, mucilage, resin, fraxin (largest in 
inferior grades). 



114 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Action and Uses. — Demulcent, laxative. Dose 
(syr., f3i-f3i; boiled in milk), f3i-iij. 

MARPUBIUM.— Hoarhound. 

Origin. — Marrubium Vulgare, Lin. Nat. ord., La- 
biatse. 

Habitat. — Europe, Central Asia; naturalized in 
America; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tannin, resin, 
marrubiin. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, resolvent, de- 
obstruent, anthelmintic. 

Dose, in infusion, about gr. xxx. 

For colds: Decoction (3i to Oi), syrup, and candy. 

MATICO.— Matico. 

Origin. — Artanthe Elongata, Miquel. Nat. ord., 
Piperaceee. 

Habitat. — Tropical America. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1J per cent.; pungent 
resin, artanthic acid, tannin, mucilage, etc. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
Extractum Matico Eluidum. Dose, f3ss-i. 
Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, vulnerary, 
styptic (externally). 

Used in gonorrhea and leucorrhoea. 

MENTHA PIPERITA.— Peppermint. 
Leaves and top of Mentha Piperita. U. S. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 115 

MENTHA VIRIDIS.— Spearmint. 

Leaves and top of Mentha Viridis. U. S. 

Habitat. — Wild in Europe and North America; 
cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, J to 1 per cent.; resin, 
gum, little tannin (M. piperita). 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Aqua Menthse Piperitse. Used as a vehicle. 

Oleum Mentha Piperitse. Dose, gtt. ij-x. 

Spiritus Menthse Piperitse. Dose, gtt. x-xx. 

Trochischi Mentha Piperitse. 

Aqua Menthse Viridis. Used as a vehicle. 

Oleum Menthse Viridis. Dose, gtt. ij-x. 

Spiritus Menthse Viridis. Dose, gtt. x-xx. 

Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, nerv- 
ine. 

The peppermint is a little stronger than the spear- 
mint. 

The troche of peppermint is a popular carmina- 
tive. 

MEZEREUM.— Mezereon. 
Origin. — Daphne Mezereum, Lin., and other spe- 
cies of Daphne. Nat. ord., Thymelacese. 
Habitat. — Europe, in mountainous regions. 
Constituents. — Soft acrid resin and oil; daphin. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Decoctum Sarsaparillse Compositum. Dose, 
f3iij-iv. 

Extractum Mezerei Fluidum. Used in Ung. Me- 
zerei. 



116 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Extractum Sarsaparillse Compositum Fluidum. 
Dose, f3ss-i. 

Unguentum Mezerei. A stimulant dressing. 

Action and Uses. — Sialagogue, stimulant, diuretic, 
alterative; externally, a vesicant. 

Rarely used, except in Decoc. Sarsap. Comp. 

MOSCHUS.— Musk. 

Origin. — From the preputial follicles of the male 
Moschus Moschiferus, Lin. 

Habitat. — Central Asia. 

Constituents. — Ammonia, an acid, cholesterin, fat, 
wax, gelatinous and albuminous principles. The 
odorous principle has not been separated. 

Action and Uses. — Diffusible stimulant, aphrodis- 
iac, antispasmodic. 

Its high price and frequent adulterations have 
caused it to be discarded almost entirely. Dose, gr. 
i-xv. 

MYRISTIC A.— Nutmeg. 

Origin. — Myristica Fragrans, Houttuyn. Nat. 
ord., Myristicacese. 

Habitat. — Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical 
countries. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 2 to 8 per cent.; fixed 
oil, 25 to 30 per cent.; starch, proteids, mucilage. 

Officinal Preparations, D". S. 
Spiritus Myristicse. Dose, f3i. 
Oleum Myristacse. Volatile Oil of Nutmegs. 
Dose, gtt. ij-iij. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 117 

Dose in substance, gr. x-xv. 
The aryllus of this fruit is known as Mace. 
Action and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic; large 
dose narcotic. 

Rarely used, except for flavoring. 

MYRRHA.— Myrrh. 

Origin. — Balsamodendron Myrrh a, Nees. Nat. 
ord.j Terebinthacese, Burseraceee. 

Habitat. — Eastern Africa, and South-western Ara- 
bia. 

Exudes spontaneously from the bark. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Tinctura Myrrhse (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhse. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, astringent, tonic, 
expectorant, emmenagogue, vulnerary. Dose, gr. 
x-xxx. 

NUX VOMICA.— Nux Vomica'. 

Origin. — Strychnos Nux Vomica, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Loganiaceae. 

Habitat. — India and East India Islands. 

Constituents. — Strychnia, brucia, igosuria (proba- 
bly impure brucia); proteids, 11 per cent.; fat, gum; 
sugar, 6 per cent.; igosuric acid. The seeds are the 
part used. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae (3iv to Oi). Dose, m.v-x. 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae. Dose, gr. \-\. 

Strychnia (sulphate). Dose, gr. gV~2V~A" 



US Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The paralyzers 
(woorara, conium, tobacco, opium, belladonna, and 
physostigma) in part. 

Physiologically, chloral, bromide of potassium, 
ether, and chloroform (inhaled). 

In poisoning, the vegetable astringents, especially 
tannin ; emetics or stomach-pump ; chloral, ether by 
inhalation, bromide of potassium in large doses 
(3ij to 3ss); artificial respiration. 

Synergists. — Brucia, picrotoxiue, thebaine, ergot; 
belladonna, electricity, and cold (Bartholow). 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, spinal nervine, poison- 
ous. 

To diminisli the craving for stimulants, and sus- 
tain the nervous system: #. Tine, capsici, f3vi; 
tine. nuc. vom., f3ij. M. S. Twenty drops in 
water every four hours. 

For constipation, combined with purgatives: #. 
Tine, aloes et myrrhse, f3vi; tine. nuc. vom., f3ij. 
M. Sig. Fifteen to thirty drops two or three times 
a day. 

In tonic pills, it is combined w T ith quinia, iron, 
and arsenic. 

Hypodermic dose ranges from gr. T ^ to Jg, in- 
serted directly to the atonic part. 

OLEUM ^ETHEREUM.— Ethereal Oil. IT. S. 

Heavy oil of wine is a limpid, almost colorless, 
volatile fluid, of a pungent taste and vinous odor. 
Used in Spiritus ^Ether. Comp.; never used alone. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 119 

OLEUM MORRHUA.— Cod-liver Oil. 

Origin. — The livers of Gadus Morrhua, Lin., and 
other species of Gadus. 

Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 

Constituents. — Chiefly olein, with palmitin and 
stearin, iodine, traces of chlorine, bromine, phos- 
phorus, and sulphur, biliary compounds, probably 
also butyric and acetic acids. 

The livers are heated slowly, and the oil decanted. 

Action and Uses. — Demulcent, alterative; easily 
digested form of fat. 

May be given by inunction; usually in emulsion. 

Taken very much like castor-oil. Dose, f3i-3ss. 



OLEUM OLIV^E.— Olive-oil. 

Origin. — Olea Europsea, Lin. Nat. ord., Oleacese. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Mainly olein ; solid fats with palm- 
itin, arachin, and stearin, possibly ; also, cholesterin. 

The crushed fruit, subjected to cold pressure, yields 
virgin oil; inferior oils are obtained byre-pressing. 

Action and Uses. — Demulcent, laxative; nutritious 
addition to salads. 

Dose, fgi-iv. tJsed in liniments and ointments. 



OLEUM RICINL— Castor-oil. 

Origin. — Ricinus Communis, Lin. Nat. ord., Eu- 
phorbiacese. 

Habitat. — India; cultivated. 



120 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Constituents. — Ricinolein and palmitin; acrid prin- 
ciple, 

(Crushed seeds, freed from their integuments, 
kiln-dried and expressed.) 

Action and Uses. — Demulcent^ purgative, with 
astringency following its use. Dose, from f3i to 
fSi-rj. 

Though the best quality has no flavor, it leaves a 
greasy, sickly sensation, very unpleasant to the pal- 
ate. To avoid this, the floating dose between two 
strata of some alcoholic is used; various emulsions; 
boiling milk effectually conceals it; beer-foam and 
soda-water also conceal it. 



OLEUM SUCCIKL— Oil of Amber. 

Amber subjected to destructive distillation gives 
a volatile oil. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Oleum Succini Purificatum. Dose, gtt. x-xx. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, irri- 
tant; externally, sedative, rubifacient. 

Infantile convulsions (Dr. Parrish): #. Olei suc- 
cini rectif., tine, opii, aa f3ss; ol. olivse, spts. vini. 
gal., aa fgij. M. ft. lotio. S. To be rubbed along 
the spine. 

OLEUM THEOBROM^E.— Cacao Butter. 

Origin. — Theobroma Cacao, Lin. Nat. ord., Bytt- 
neriacese (Sterculeaceee). 
Habitat. — South America. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 121 

Seeds, deprived of their testa, are expressed be- 
tween heated plates; yield 40 to 45 per cent. 

Constituents. — Stearin, palmitin, olein, probably a 
little resin. 

Action and Uses. — Demulcent; used in making 
suppositories. 

OLEUM THYMI.— Oil of Thyme. 

Origin. — Thymus Vulgaris, Lin. Nat. ord., La- 
biate. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Cymene, thymene, and thymol 
(C 10 H 14 O). 

Action and Uses. — Carminative, tonic, emmena- 
gogue, antispasmodic. 

Usually locally applied; thymol is antiseptic. 

Dose, gtt. ij-x. 

Thymol is advocated as a good disinfectant for 
dental practice — alveolor abscesses, etc. 

OLEUM TIGLIL— Croton-oil. 

Origin. — Croton Tiglium, Lin. Nat. ord., Eu- 
phorbiacese. 

Habitat. — India; cultivated. 

Crushed seed are expressed, or exhausted, by car- 
bon bisulphide; yield 50 to 60 per cent. 

Constituents. — Glycerides of formic, acetic, isobu- 
tyric, tiglinic, valerianic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, 
and stearic acids; also, crotonol. 

Action and Uses. — Powerful purgative, irritant, 
rubifacient, vesicant. 



122 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Dose, gr. J-ij, in fixed oils or emulsion; external- 
ly, as an addition to liniments, counter-irritants, etc. 

OPIUM.— Opium. 

Origin. — Papaver Somniferum, Lin.' Nat. ord., 
Papaveraceae. 

Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated. 

(Obtained from the unripe capsule, by incision 
and spontaneous drying.) 

Constituents. — Odorous principle, glucose, mucil- 
age, pectin, caoutchouc, wax, fatty matter, coloring 
principle; ash, 6 per cent.; meconicacid; lactic acid, 
1J per cent.; meconin, and numerous alkaloids: 

Narcotina, 1 to 11 per cent.; morphia, 3 to 23 per 
cent.; codeia, 0.2 to 0.4 per cent.; pseudomorphia 
(phormia), 0.2; thebaina (paramorphia), 0.15 to 1.0 
percent.; narceina, 0.1 to 0.7 per cent.; papaverina, 
1 percent.; rhceadina, cryptopia, lanthopia, meco- 
nidia, laudania, codamina, deuteropia, laudanosina, 
protopia, and hydro-cotarnina. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Acetum Opii — black drop (gr. i in m.viss). Dose, 
m.v-vij. 

Confectio Opii (gr. i in 36). Dose, 3ss. 

Extractum Opii (double strength of opium). Dose, 
gr. ss. 

Emplastrum Opii (extract, 1 in 16 parts). 

Suppositoria Opii (extract, gr. ss). 

Pilute Opii (each, gr. i). 

Pilulse Saponis Composita (Mass, 20 per cent, of 
opium). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 123 

Pulvis Ipecacuanha Comp. (Dover's Powder, gr. 
1 in 10). Dose, gr. x. 

Tinctura Opii (gr. i in m.xiij). Dose, m.xiij. 

Tinctura Opii Acetata (gr. i in m.x). Dose, m.x. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata (gr. i to f3ss). Dose, 
f3i-iv. 

Tinctura Opii Deodorata (gr. i in m.xiij). Dose, 
m.xiij. 

Trochischi Glycyrrhizse et Opii (gr. i in 20 grs.). 

Trochischi Morphise et Ipecacuanha (each, gr. 

Liquor Morphiee Sulphatis (gr. i to f3i). Dose, 
f3i-f3i. 

Suppositoria Morphise (each, gr. ss). 

Yinum Opii (gr. i in m.viij). Dose, m.viij. 
f Morphise Acetas ^ 

Morphia^ Morphine Muras V. Dose, gr.y^-J. 
( Morphige Sulphas J w™-^* t0 oue - half s^o 

Antagonists and Incornpatibles. — Chemically, alka- 
line carbonates, lime-water, salts of iron, lead, 
zinc, copper, mercury, Fowler's Solution; vegetable 
astringents (tannin). 

Physiologically, atropia. 

In cases of poisoning, produce emesis, if possible, 
by ordinary emetics; resort to hypodermic use of 
apomorphia (dose gr. T * g ), if the patient is unable to 
swallow; use stomach-pump, if early; cold affusions, 
flagellations, or faradization, and artificial respira- 
tion. Small doses of atropia sulphate (dose, gr. T J^) 
should be administered, and repeated cautiously un- 
til the antagonism is evident. Strong coffee (caf- 
feine) is very useful and convenient. The patient 



124: Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

must be kept awake all the time, if possible, by 
walking, etc. 

Synergists. — Alcohol and its derivatives (notably, 
chloral), and, within certain limits, the mydriatics; 
its depressing effect is favored by aconite, veratrum 
viride, lobelia, gelsemium, etc.; its sudorific action 
is favored by ipecacuanha. 

Action and Uses. — Anodyne, narcotic, sedative, 
antispasmodic, hypnotic, chiefly due to the morphia 
present. 

Jfarcotina, antiperiodic and tetanizing; codeia, 
hypnotic (used in diabetes); thebaina, soporific, ex- 
citant, convulsant; narceina, feebly hypnotic; pa- 
paverina, hypnotic, sedative; cryptopia, hypnotic. 

Opium itself is more diaphoretic than any of its 
alkaloids, and is the active principle in all pain- 
killers. 

ORIGANUM. — Common Marjoram. 

Origin. — Origanum Marjorana and 0. Vulgare, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Labiate. 

Habitat. — Asia Minor and Southern Europe; cul- 
tivated; naturalized in North America. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil (sp. gr. 89, readily solu- 
ble in alcohol). 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Oleum Origani. Dose, gtt. ij-v. 

Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, em- 
menagogue, cephalic. 

It has been superseded by oil of thyme; used only 
externally, in fomentations. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 125 

PAREXRA.— Pareira Brava. 

Origin. — Chondodendron Toinentosum, Ruiz et 
Pavon. Nat. ord., Menispermacese. 

Habitat. — Brazil. 

Constituents. — Pelosina, identical with berberina 
and buxina. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Extractum Pareirae Fluidum. Dose, fgss-i. 
Infusum Pareirae. Dose, f3i-ij. 
Action and Uses. Diuretic, tonic (cystic). 

PEPO. — Pumpkin-seed. 

Origin. — Seed of Curcubita Pepo, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Curcubitaeese. 

Habitat. — Tropical Asia and America; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Fixed oils, 40 per cent.; proteids, 
starch, sugar, resin. 

Action and Uses. — Efficient tsenieide, in doses of 
one to two ounces. 

The decorticated seeds, beaten into a paste with 
sugar or milk, are given in the morning fasting, fol- 
lowed in an hour or two by a dose of castor-oil. 

PHOSPHORUS.— Phosphorus. P. 

Discovered by Brandt, in 1669. He separated it 
from the phosphates of urine, but it is now procured 
entirely from the ashes of bones (tricalcic phos- 
phate). It is an important constituent of nerve tis- 
sue, and is found in all animal and vegetable juices, 



126 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

and the mineral phosphates that enrich various 
soils. 

Seen in commerce in cylindrical sticks, pale yel- 
low, transparent, of a waxy luster, and about as 
hard as beeswax. Easily inflammable in the air, 
and must be kept and cut under water. Its specific 
gravity is 1.8. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Aciclum Phosphoricum Dilutum. Dose, m.x-xl. 

Dose, in substance, gr. ^o - !^ (sixtieth to twelfth). 

Antagonists and Incomp edibles. — Turpentine and 
demulcents, hydrated magnesia, lime-water, pow- 
dered charcoal. 

Synergists. — Oils and fats; arsenic, in a feeble de- 
gree, sulphur. 

Action and Uses. — Irritant poison (one to five 
grains), nervous stimulant and tonic, gr. ^; aphro- 
disiac. 

It enters the blood in an unoxidized condition, 
being held in solution in the serum. In doses of 
from one to five grains, it has produced fatal de- 
pression of nervous power, especially of the vaso- 
motor system; fatty degeneration of the liver and 
intestinal glandule occurs. In the course of a few 
days, jaundice, suppression of urine, vomiting of 
bilious or sanguinolent matters, and a fluid condi- 
tion of the Wood. Resulting ecchymoses in the 
skin, mucous and serous membranes appear, and the 
temperature, which has not been increased, rapidly 
falls. 

In medicinal doses (one-fortieth of a grain) it is 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 127 

a stimulant to the nervous system, and may be given 
where there is a tendency to nervous prostration 
and general enfeeblement, as in the early stages of 
palsy of the insane; also, in cerebral or spinal atro- 
phy- 

Has long been regarded as an aphrodisiac, and 
may be given sometimes with benefit in sexual de- 
bility. 

Oil is the proper menstruum. 



PHYSOSTIGMA.— Calabar-bean. 

Origin. — Physostigma Venenosum, Balfour. Nat. 
ord., Papilionacese, Leguminosse. 

Habitat.— Tropical Western Africa, near the mouth 
of the Niger and Old Calabar. 

Constituents. — Physostigma or eserina, calabarina, 
phytosterin; starch, 40 per cent.; proteids, 23 per 
cent.; mucilage, ash. 

" Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 

Extractum Physostigmatis. Dose, gr. ^— J. 

Antagonists and. Incompatibles. — Chemically, veg- 
etable astringents, tannic acid, and caustic alkalies; 
physiologically, atropia and chloral; therapeutic- 
ally, the tetanizing agents. 

Synergists. — The paralysers or depressers of the 
motor-nervous system— conium gelsemium, nitrite 
of amyl, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Sedative, poisonous; contracts 
the pupil. 

In reflex excitability producing spasms, and in 



128 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

strychnia-poisoning (used hypodermically) is the 
field of its usefulness. 

The doses must be small, ranging experimentally 
upward from the minimum. 

PIMENTO.— Pimento (Allspice). 

Origin. — Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle. Nat. 
ord., Myrtacese. 

Habitat. — Tropical America; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 3 to 4 per cent.; resin, 
fat, tannin, sugar, gum, etc. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
Oleum Pimento. Dose, gtt. ij-vi. 
Action and Uses. — Stomachic, stimulant, carmina- 
tive (pulv., gr. xx-xxx). 

PIPER.— Black Pepper. 

Origin. — Fruit of Piper Nigrum, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Piperacese. 

Habitat. — India; cultivated in the tropics. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 to 2 per cent.; pipe- 
rina, pungent resin, fat, ash. 

Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
Oleo-resina Piperis. Dose, m.i. 
Action and Uses. — Acrid stimulant, condiment. 

PIX LIQUIDA.— Tar. 

Origin.— From different species of Pinus. Nat. 
ord.. Conifers. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 129 

Constituents. — Acetic acid, aceton, methylic alco- 
hol, mesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, methol; these pass 
over with the light oil of tar. Naphthalin, pyrene, 
chrysene, retene, paraffin, phenols, creasote, pyro- 
catechin, empyreumatic resin. 

Juniper tar — oil of Cade — from the wood of Ju- 
niperus Oxycedrus, Lin., is more liquid, and of a 
different odor, though allied to it. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Glyceritum Picis Liquidse (m.xxx in f3i). Dose, 
f3i-iv. 

Infusum Picis Liquidse (tar, 20 per cent). Dose, 
f3ss-i. 

Unguentum Picis Liquidee (tar, 50 per cent). 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, irritant, insecticide. 

The unofficinal syrup of tar (tar, 3i in f3vi), good 
in bronchitis. 

Prof. Ringer advises two-grain pills three times a 
day for winter cough. 

PLUMBUM.— Lead. Pb. 

Found in many countries as carbonate, but gen- 
erally as sulphide (galena), from which it is com- 
mercially obtained. 

A malleable, ductile, bluish-gray metal, sp. gr. 
11.4; deficient in tenacity, soft, leaves mark on 
paper. 

Not used in metallic form, though its salts are 
numerous and useful. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Plumbi Oxidum (litharge). 
9 



130 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Liquor Plumbi Sabacetatis (Goulard's Extract). 

Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus (lead-water). 

Plumbi Acetas (sugar of lead). Dose, gr. ij-v. 

Plumbi Carbonas (white lead). 

Plumbi Nitras (a disinfectant — Ledoyen's Solu- 
tion). 

Plumbi Iodidum. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Natural waters 
containing lime, sulphates, carbonates, carbonic 
acid, mineral and vegetable acids, mineral salts, al- 
kalies, iodide of potassium, vegetable astringents, 
albuminous solutions, and preparations of opium. 

Synergists. — Cold, digitalis, ergot, veratrum viride, 
and agents that act similarly; copper, mercury, an- 
timony, and agents that promote waste. 

Action and Uses. — Astringent, especially the ace- 
tate; externally used in plasters, etc., when it is 
mildly sedative. 

Haemoptysis, treated with acetate, doses gr. J to 

gr. iij. 

Summer diarrhea of children: #. Plumb, acet., 
gr. viij ; acid, acetic, gtt. vi; tine, opii deod., gtt. iv; 
aq. dest., fsi. M. S. Teaspoonful every 2, 3, or 4 
hours (for child two years old). 

Enemata of lead and morphia for chronic dysen- 
tery: #. Plumb, acet., gr. iv; morph. sulph., gr. ss; 
aq. fevid., f3i. M. S. Use, and repeat if necessary. 

PODOPHYLLUM.— May-apple. 

Origin. — Root of Podophyllum Pellatum, Lin. 
Nat. ord. Berberidacese. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 131 

Habitat. — North America, in rich woods and 
thickets. 

Constituents. — Resin, 4 to 5 per cent.; starch, su- 
gar. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Podophylli. Dose, gr. iv-xv. 

Resina Podophylli (incorrectly called podophyl- 
lin). Dose, gr. ^ to gr. J. 

Action and Uses. — Alterative, cholagogue, cathar- 
tic. 

Because of its uncertain and irritant action it is 
best to commence at one-fourth of a grain and range 
upward, and to combine it with substances to re- 
strain its action. #. Resinse podophyl., gr. ij; ext. 
belladon., gr. iij; pil. colocynth. comp., gr. xxxvi. 
M. ft. pil. No. xii. Sig. One pill at night. 

It is recommended for children, to dissolve a grain 
in a drachm of rectified spirit, and give five or six 
drops, three or four times a day, on a lump of sugar. 

POTASSIUM.— Potassium. K. 

Potassium is the metallic base of potassa and the 
potash salts. Exists abundantly in acids, earths, 
iodine, bromine, etc., and in the vegetable king- 
dom. 

Discovered by Davy, in 1807, with a powerful 
voltaic battery. Ordinarily obtained from the car- 
bonates of potassium. A silvery-white metal, spe- 
cific gravity 0.86, rapidly takes oxygen from air or 
water; kept under naphtha. 



132 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Potassa. Caustic Potassa. 

Liquor Potassee. Dose, m.v-xxx. 

Potassa cum Calce (equal parts), used as caustic. i 

Potassii Acetas. Dose, gr. x-3i. 

Potassii Carbonas Impura (Pearl-ash). 

Potassii Carbonas. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Potassii Carbonas Pura. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Potassii Bicarbonas. Dose, gr. x-3i. 

Potassii Bichromas (as an alterative). 

Potassii Bitartras (Cream of Tartar). Dose, 3i-iv. 

Potassii Bromidum. Dose, gr. xx-3i. 

Potassii Chloras. Dose, gr. v-xx. 

Potassii Citras. Dose, gr. x-xx. 

Potassii Cyanidum. Dose, gr. J. 

Potassii Ferro-cyanidum. Dose, gr. x-xv. 

Potassii Hypophosphis. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Potassii Iodidum. Dose, gr. v-3i. 

Potassii Nitras. Dose, gr. x-xv. 

Potassii Permanganas. Dose, gr. i-v. 

Potassii Sulphas. Dose, gr. xx-3iv. 

Potassii Sulphis. Dose, gr. xv-3i. 

Potassii Sulphuretum. Dose, gr. ij±-v. 

Potassii et Soclii Tartras (Eoehelle Salts). Dose, 
Sss-i. 

Potassii Tartras. Dose, 3i-3i. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, acidulous 
salts, metallic salts; vinegar, lemon-juice. 

Synergists. — Alkalies; agents promoting waste, 
mercury,, iodides, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Locally, escharotic, antiseptic 
(caustic potassa and bichromate); generally, sedative 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 133 

(bromide), astringent (chlorate), purgative (acid tar- 
trate, sulphate), diuretic (acetate, nitrate, citrate, 
acid tartrate), emetic (bichromate, dose, gr. f), irri- 
tant, corrosive poison (bichromate, large doses), 
glandular excitant and eliminant (iodide — see Io- 
dine). 

Ulcerative stomatitis: fy. Potas. chlor., 31; acid, 
carbol., f3ss; aq. dest., fgiv. M. S. Lotion or 
gargle. 

PRTTNTTS VIRGINIANA.— Wild Cherry. 

Origin. — Bark ' of Prunus (Cerasus, De Cand.) y 
Serotina, Ehrhart. Nat. ord., Rosacea, Amygda- 
lese. 

Habitat. — North America, in woods. 

Constituents. — Tannin,. gallic acid (?), bitter prin- 
ciple, resin, starch, amygdalin, emulsin. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Extractum Pruni Virginianse Fluidum. Dose, 

f3i. 

Infusum Pruni Virginians. Dose, fgi-iij. 
Syrupus Pruni Virginianse. Dose, f3ss. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, sedative, pectoral. 
Very popular in cough mixtures and bitter tonics. 

QUASSIA.— Quassia. 

Origin. — "Wood of Simaruba (Quassia, Swartz) 
Excelsa, De Cand. Nat ord., Simarubacese. 
Habitat. — Jamaica. 
Constituents. — Mucilage, pectin, resin, quassin. 



134 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Quassiee. Dose, gr. i-iij. 

Infusum Quassise (3y to Oi). Dose, f 3 i — ij . 

Tinctura Quassise (31 to Oi). Dose, gtt. xx-f3i. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Agents promoting 
waste or destructive metamorphosis. 

Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
etc.; alkalies. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, febrifuge. 

The infusion as enema, for ascarides vermiculares. 



QUERCUS.— Oak. 

Origin. — Bark of Quercus Alba, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Cupuliferse. 

Habitat. — North America, in woods. 

Constituents. — Tannin, 6 to 11 per cent.; red- 
brown coloring matter, pectin, resin, etc. 

Quercus Alba. Inner bark of Quercus Alba. 
IT. S. 

Quercus Tinctoria. Inner bark of Quercus Tinc- 
toria. IT. S. 

Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 

Decoctum Quercus Alba (3i to Oi). Dose, f3iv. 

Action and Uses. — Astringent. 

RHEUM.— Rhubarb. 

Origin. — Root of Rheum Officinale, Baillon, and 
probably other species of Rheum. Nat. ord., Po- 
lygonacese. 

Habitat. — Western and Central China. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 135 

Constituents. — Chrysophan, Chrysophanic acid, 
erythroretin, emodin, phgeoretin, aporetin, starch, 
tannin, crystals of calcium oxalate. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Extractum Khei. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
Extractum Ehei Fluidura. Dose, gtfci x-xxx. 
Infasum Ehei (3ss to Oi). Dose, f"3i-4v. 
Pilute Rhei (each, gr. iij). Do3e, 2 to 8 pills. 
Pilulse Rhei Compositse (rhei, gr. ij ; aloes, gr. iss). 
Dose, 1 to 4 pills. 

PulvisRheiJ^ hnbarb 'f V .] Ti 
Composita,! Magnesia 3 xy I. Dose, 3ss-i. 
r I Ginger, 311 J 

Syrupus Rhei (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3ij-f3i. 

Syrupus Rhei Aromat. (3ijf to Oi). Dose, in- 
fantile, f 3ss-i. 

Tinctura Rhei (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3i-f3ss. 

Tinctura Rhei et Sennse (3 J to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 

Vinum Rhei (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3i-f3ss. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent, purgative, 
aperient. 

In diarrhea of children : #. Infus. rhei, f gii ; pot. 
bicarb., 3i; tine, cinnamomi, f3ij; syr. simp., f3vi. 
M. S. Teaspoonful every two hours. 

Antacid purgative: #. Pulv. rhei, gr. xxx; sodii 
bicarb., gr. xv; spts. myristicse, m.xxx; syr. zin- 
gerb., f 31 ; aq. menth. pip., aa fsiss. M.' S. A 
draught at night. 

RUTA.— Rue. 

Origin. — Leaves of Rata Graveolens, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Rutacese. 



136 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, rutin, resin, etc. 

Oleum Rutse. Dose, gtt. ij-vi. 

Action and Uses. — Irritant, stimulant, aphrodisiac, 
emmenagogue. 

The tincture is, at times, efficient as carminative 
in flatulent colic, and hysteria in women. 

In large doses it is an acro-narcotic poison. 

As an emmenagogue, its decided effect causes 
miscarriage. For such, is used unprofessionally. 

SABADILLA.— Cevadilla. 

Origin. — Seeds of Asagr&a (Helonias, Don) Offi- 
cinalis, Lindley; Veratrum Sabadilla, Schlecht. Nat. 
ord.j Melanthacese. 

Habitat. — Mexico to Venezuela. 

Constituents. — Veratrina, cevaclina, cevadillina, 
cevadic and veratric acids, fixed oils. 

This agent is valuable only as the source of the 
alkaloid, veratria. 

Akin to it, and more fruitful sources of it: 

Veratrum Album — White Hellebore. 

Veratrum Viride — American Hellebore. 

Extractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum. Dose, m.ij-v. 

Tinctura Veratri Viridis. Dose, m.i-v. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Veratria. Not used externally. 
Unguentum Veratriae (veratria, 9i; adeps., 3i). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, opium, 
ammonia, heat. When dangerous symptoms are 
present, the recumbent position must be rhaintained, 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 137 

and the patient treated to opium, alcoholic stimu- 
lants, and dry heat, according to the case. 

Synergists. — Vaso-motor depressants, tobacco, lo- 
belia, aconite, etc. Depletants of all kinds. 

Action and Uses. — Irritant; depressant to the res- 
piration, circulation, and nervous system. 

The veratria ointment, carefully applied over the 
locality of superficial neuralgias, is highly recom- 
mended by some. 

SABUsTA.— Savine. 

Origin. — The tops of Juniperus Sabina, Lin. Nat. 
ord.. Conifers. 

Habitat. — Siberia, Europe, Canada, Northern 
United States. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, tannin. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Ceratum Sabinse (fTd ext., f3iij; resin cerat., 
3xij). 

Extractum Sabinee Fluidum. Dose, gtt. v-xv. 

Oleum Sabinse. Dose, gtt. ij-v. 

Action and, Uses. — Irritant, diuretic, emmenagogue, 
vermifuge, abortifacient (in large doses). 

Emmenagogue, combined with other oils: #. 01. 
sabinae, ol. rutse, aa fl$i; tine, polygen. hyclropip., 
fgi; ol. amygdal. express., mucil. acacue, aq. menth. 
pip., aa f3ij. M. Sig. Teaspoonful two or three 
times a day. 



138 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

SALVIA.— Sage. 

Origin. — Leaves of Salvia Officinalis, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Labiatse. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe ; cultivated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, tannin, albumen, 
extractive, etc. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Infusum Sal vise (3ss to Oi). Used as a gargle. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, astringent, 
aromatic, vulnerary. 

The infusion is used sometimes to allay nausea 
in fevers; also, the hot infusion as a diaphoretic. 

SANGUIS ASIA.— Blood-root. 

Origin. — The rhizome of Sanguinaria Canadensis, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Papaveraceae. 

Habitat. — North America, in rich woods. 

Constituents. — Sanguinaria, citric and malic acids, 
resins, starch. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Acetum Sanguinarise (gij to Oi). Dose, m.x-xxx. 

Tinctura Sanguinarise (3ij to Oi). Dose, gtt. x-xl. 

Antagonists and Incompatible^. — Alkalies, tannic 
and gallic acids, most metallic salts. Physiological 
antagonist, opium. 

Synergists. — Mineral and vegetable emetics, so- 
called alteratives of the vegetable kingdom, and 
mineral salts. 

Action and Uses. — Alterative, tonic, stimulant, 
emetic, sternutatory, expectorant. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 139 

In acute bronchitis: #. Tine, sanguinariae, f3i; 
tine, lobelise, f3i; vin. ipecac., f3ij; syr. tolut., fjss. 
M. S. Teaspoonful every three hours. 

In humid asthma: #. Tine, sanguin. et 1 obelise, 
aa f3i; muriat. anim,, 3ij; syr. tolutan., f3vi. M. 
Sig. Teaspoonful every two, three, or four hours. 

Aphrodisiac, combined with stillingia: Br. Tine, 
sanguin., f3iij; ext. stilling, fl'd, f3v. M. S. Ten 
to twenty drops, in water, three times a day. This 
is indicated when the parts are relaxed, and diurnal 
losses of semen, etc., occur. 

SAJSTONICA.— Santonica. 

Origin. — Buds of Artemisia Maritima, var. Stech- 
manniana, Besser. Nat. ord., Composite. 

Habitat. — Turkistan. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 per cent.; santonin, 
1 to 2 per cent.; resin, gum, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Santonum. Dose, gr. ss-iij. 

Trochisci Santonini(each, gr. ss). 

Synergists. — Cathartics, especially calomel. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, anthelmintic. 

For ascarides lumbricoides : A laxative in the 
morning, fasting through the day, a dose of calomel 
and santonine at bed-hour, and followed by a senna- 
draught, or some other cathartic, next morning. 

Caution: Care must be used, as it sometimes pro- 
duces intestinal irritation. 



140 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

SAPO.— Soap. 

Soap made with Soda and Olive-oil. U. S. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Ceratum Saponis. 
Emplastrum Saponis. 
Linimentum Saponis. 
Pilulse Saponis Compositum. 

Action and Uses. — Only the hard soap enters into 
pills; both hard and soft, in making liniments and 
plasters. 

Soft or potassa soap — green soap (sapo-viridis) — 
has been recommended in alcoholic solution (spirit- 
us saponatus kalinis — one part alcohol, two parts 
soap) in the treatment of chronic eczema. 

SARSAPARILLA.— Sarsaparilla. 

Origin. — Root of Smilax Officinalis [Humboldt and 
Bonplandt), and other species of Smilax. Nat. ord., 
Smilacese. 

Habitat. — Tropical America, from Mexico to Bra- 
zil. 

Constituents. — Parillin (smilacin, parillic acid), 
traces of volatile oil, starch, resin, coloring matter. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Decoctum Sarsaparillee Comp. (sarsaparilla, sas- 
safras, guaiac, mezereon, and licorice). Dose, 
f3ij-iv. 

Extractum Sarsaparillse Fluidum. Dose, f3ss. 

Extractum Sarsaparilla Fluidum Comp. Dose, 
f3ss-i. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 141 

Syrupus Sarsaparillee Compositura (3iv to Oi). 
Dose, f3ss. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies decom- 
pose the decoction and fluid extracts. 

Iodine antagonizes the starch in it. 

Synergists. — Mercury and other alteratives; warm 
clothing, to excite the skin; diluents, to increase 
the quantity of urine. 

Action and Uses. — Alterative, especially in ter- 
tiary syphilis. 

Thought to be diuretic and diaphoretic. It is 
also a good vehicle for iodide potassium. 

SASSAFRAS.— Sassafras. 

Origin. — Root of Sassafras Officinalis, Nees. Nat. 
ord., Lauracese. 

Habitat. — North America, in woods. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, tannin, sassafrid, starch, 
gum, resin, wax. 

Oleum Sassafras. Dose, fftt. i-x. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Mucilago Sassafras Medulla (3ij to Oi). A col- 
lyriurn. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, altera- 
tive. 

Infusion is the usual method (3ss-ij, root). 

SCAMMONIUM.— Scammony. 

Origin. — Resin from the root of Convolvulus 
Scammonia, Lin. Nat. ord., Convolvulacese. 



142 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Habitat. — Western Asia. 

Constituents. — Resin, 80 to 93 per cent.; gum. 
The resin is scarnmonin, the active part of the 
agent. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Hesina Scamnionii. Dose (in milk), gr. ij-viij. 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, 
gr. iv-xxx. 

Dose, in substance, gr. v-xv. 

Action and Uses. — Hydragogue cathartic. 

SCILLA.— Squill. 

Origin. — Bulb of Urginea Scilla, Steinheil; Scilla 
Maritima, Lin. Nat. ord., Liliacese. 

Habitat. — Basin of Mediterranean, near the sea. 

Constituents. — Mucilage, sugar, crystals of calcium 
oxalate; active principles are scillipicrin, scillitox- 
in, scillin. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Acetum Scillae (3ij to Oi). Dose, m.v-xx. 

Syrupus Scillse. Dose, f3ss. 

Pilulse SciUse Comp. (squill, gr. ss; ammoniac and 
ginger, each gr. i). Dose, 1 to 5 pills. 

Tinctura Scillse (3ij to Oi). Dose, ni.v-xx. 

Extractum Scillse Fluidum. Dose, m.iss-iij. 

Syrupus Scillse Comp. (tartar emetic, gr. i in fgi). 
Dose, gtt. v-f3ss. 

Action and Uses. — Expectorant, diuretic, cathartic, 
emetic, irritant. 

Cough mixture: #. Acet. scilte, f 3 ss; ext. ipecac, 
fl'd, f3ss; tine, opii deodor., f3i; syr. tolutan., f3x. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 143 

M. S. Teaspoonful every two, three, or four 
hours. 

In chronic bronchitis: #. Syr. scilte, f3ss; tine, 
opii camphorat., f3ij ; muriat. amm., 3ss; syr. tolut., 
f3x. M. S. Teaspoonful every hour, till easy. 

As diuretic, it must be used with caution, because 
of its irritating effects — best to combine it with dig- 
italis: #. Infus. digital., f3iijss; acet. scill., f3ss. 
M. S. Tablespoonful every three or four hours. 



SCOPARIUS.— Broom. 

Origin. — Tops of Sarotharanus Scoparius, Koch. 
Nat. ord., Leguminosse, Papilionaceee. 

Habitat. — Western Asia, Southern and Western 
Europe. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, scoparin, sparteina, 
tannin, fat, wax, sugar; ash, 5 to 6 per cent. 

Action and Uses. — Diuretic, slightly narcotic, in 
large doses emetic. 

Dose, gr. xv-xxx, in decoction. 

In the same group with buchu, uva ursi, pareira, 
and pipsissawa. 

Used as active diuretic in dropsy. 



SENEGA.— Seneka. 

Origin. — Eoot of Polygala Senega, Lin. Nat. ord., 
Poly gal acese. 

Habitat. — United States. 

Constituents. — Polygalic acid (senegin), 3 per cent. ; 
fixed oil, pectin, coloring matter. 



1M Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Decoctum Senega (3i to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
Extractum Senega (alcoholic). Dose, gr. ss-iij. 
Extractum Senega Fluidum. Dose, m.x-xxx. 
Syrupus Senegse. Dose, fti. 
Syrupus Scillse Compositus. 

Action and Uses. — Expectorant, emetic, somewhat 
diuretic. 

Usually combined with other expectorants: R. 
Aram, carbonat., gr. iv; tine, scill., m.xv; ext. gly- 
cyrrh., gr. v; infus. senegre (Br.), ad fgi. M. ft. 
haustus. S. To be taken three times a day. 



SENNA.— Senna. 

Origin. — Leaves of Cassia Acutifolia, Delile; Cas- 
sia Elongata, Le Maire — Lesancourt; Cassia Obova- 
ta?, De Candolle; Cassia Marilandica. Nat. ord., Le- 
guminosee, Ceesalpineoe. 

Habitat. — C. Acutif., Eastern and Central Africa; 
C. Elongat., Eastern Africa to India; C. Mariland., 
United States. 

Constituents. — Chrysophanic acid, phaeoretin, sen- 
nacrol, cathartic acid, cathartomannite, mucilage, 
etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Confectio Sennre. Dose, 3i-ij. 
Extractum Sennse Fluidum. Dose, f3i-iv. 
Infusum Sennae (3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-iv. 
Tinctura Rhei et Sennse. Dose, f3ss-ij. 
Enters also into Syr. Sarsaparillee Comp. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 145 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent and resin- 
bearing cathartic. 

Rarely given alone. 

Sulphate of Magnesium (Epsom Salts) makes the 
black draught: #. Infus. sennae, f3iv; sulph. rnagn., 
3i. M. 

It combines well with the aromatics. 

SERPENTARIA.— Virginia Snake-root. 

Origin. — Root of (1) Aristolochia Serpentaria, 
Lin.; (2) A. Recticulata, Nuttall. Nat. ord., Aristo- 
lociacese. 

Habitat. — United States, hilly woods: (1) East of 
the Mississippi; (2) in the Southern States. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, \ per cent. ; bitter prin- 
ciple, soluble in alcohol and water; little tannin, 
starch, sugar, albumen. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Serpentarise Fluidum. Dose, gtt. xx. 
Infusum Serpentariee (3ss to Oi). Dose, f3ss-iv. 
Tinctura Serpentariee (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
Action and Uses. — Stimulating tonic and expecto- 
rant, diaphoretic. 

One of the aromatic bitters. 

SINAPIS.— Mustard. 
Sinapis Alba and Sinapis Nigra. TJ. S. 
Origin.— Seeds of Sinapis Alba and Nigra, Lin. 
Nat. ord., Cruciferee, Siliquosse. 

Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
10 



146 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 

Constituents. — The white, fixed oil, 20 to 25 per 
cent.; mucilage, myrosin, sinalbin, no starch; the 
black, fixed oil, 25 per cent.; mucilage, myrosin, 
sinnigrin, no starch. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Charta Sinapis. Mustard papers, four inches 
square. 

Action and Uses. — Tonic, laxative, diuretic, emet- 
ic, stimulant; externally, rubifacient, epispastic. 

Dose, in substance, gr. x-3i; a plaster externally. 

Method of making the plaster: Mix with cold 
water. Warm water dissipates the volatile oil, vin- 
egar destroys it, and alcohol prevents its formation. 
It is to be kept on twenty minutes to a half hour, 
depending on the effect desired. A blister caused 
by it is frequently very annoying, and should be 
avoided. 

SODIUM.— Sodium. Na. 

Sodium, the metallic base of soda, was discovered 
by Davy, in 1837. It occurs in nature in sea-water, 
rock-salt, animal and vegetable juices, combined 
with chlorine. It is of the consistence of wax, 
malleable, brilliant, silvery luster; specific gravity 
0.972; floats on water, producing a hissing as it en- 
ergetically combines with it, freeing hydrogen, and 
forming a protoxide of sodium that remains in solu- 
tion. In the air it oxidizes, and must be kept un- 
der naphtha; burns with a yellow flame. 

Sodii Acetas. Dose, gr. xx-3ij. 

Sodii Boras (Borax). Dose, gr. x-xl. 

Mel. Sodii Boratis (31 to fji). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 147 

Glyceritum Sodii Boratis (3ij to fgi). 

Soclii Carbonas. Enters into many preparations. 

Sodii Hypophosphis. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Sodii Hyposulphis. Dose, gr. x-xx. 

Sodii Nitras. (Used in making sodii arsenias.) 

Sodii Sulphas (Glauber's Salts). Dose, 3ss-i. 

Sodii Sulphis. Dose, 3i. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Soda. Caustic Soda. 

Liquor Sodse. Dose, well diluted, m.ij-x. 

Sodii Arsenias. Dose, gr. T V-i- 

Liquor Sodii Arseniatis. Dose, m.ij-v. 

Sodii Bi carbonas. Dose, gr. x-xx. 

Pulveres Effervescentes. Soda powders. 

Pulveres Effervescentes Aperientes. Seidlitz pow- 
ders. 

Trochischi Sodii Bicarbonatis. 

Sodii Carbonas Exsiccata. In making Sodii Ar- 
senias. 

Sodii Phospbas. Dose, as a cholagogue, gr. xx-xl; 
as a purgative, 3i-ij. 

Liquor Sodse Chlorinate. (Labarraque's Solu- 
tion.) 

Dose, f3ss-ij, largely diluted. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, acidulous 
salts, metallic salts, vegetable acids. 

Synergists. — Alkalies; agents promoting waste, 
mercury, iodides, etc. 

Action and Uses. — Antacid (bicarbonate), to allay 
nausea (soda powders), emetic (chloride — table-salt), 
laxative (phosphate and tartrate). Externally, a 
solution of common soda (impure bicarbonate) 



148 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 

freely applied, removes foetid sweat of feet and 
axilla. 

To cleanse the scalp from dandruff, a saturated 
solution of borax is recommended. 

Apthse in children may be cured with borax and 
powdered sugar. 

Freckles, and sometimes pruritus vaginae, cured 
with a saturated solution of borax in rose-water. 

Seidlitz Powder: #. Sodae et potassre tart., 3ij; 
sodse bicarb., gr. xl, in one powder; R. Acidi tar- 
tarici, gr. xxxv, in the other powder. Dissolve first 
powder in two-thirds of a glass of water, then stir 
the second powder in, and drink while effervescing. 
This method obviates the danger of strangling, as 
in the old way of putting in two glasses of water. 



SPIGELIA.— Pink-root. 

Origin. — Root of Spigelia Marilandica, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Loganiacese. 

Habitat. — United States, in rich woods. 

Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tasteless resin, 
bitter principle, tannin, wax, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Extractum Spigeliee Fluiduni. Dose, f3i-ij. 

Extractum Spigelise et Sennse Fluidum. Dose, 
f3ij-iv. 

Infusum Spigelise (3ss to Oi). Dose, f3iij-vi; for 
child, f3ii~iv. 

Action and Uses. — Anthelmintic (round worms), 
overdose, narcotic, dilates pupil. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 149 

As anthelmintic, to be followed by a brisk ca- 
thartic. 

STILLINGIA.— Stillingia. (Queen's-root.) 

Origin. — Root of Stillingia Sylvatica, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Euphorbiaceae. 

Habitat. — Southern United States, in sandy soil. 
Constituents. — Pungent resin, fixed oil, starch. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Extractum Stillingise Fluidum. Dose, m.xx-xl. 

Dose, in substance, gr. xx. 

Action and Uses. — Alterative, antisyphilitic; in 
large doses, emetic and cathartic. 

As an alterative, it is combined with sarsaparilla. 

Unofficinal preparations: Decoction (3i to Oiij, 
boiled to Oi), dose, f3i-ij; tincture (gij to Oi), dose, 
f3ss-i. 

STRAMONIUM.— Stramonium. 
(Henbane, Thorn-apple, Jamestown-weed.) 
Origin. — Leaves and seeds of Datura Stramonium, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Solanacese. 

Habitat. — Asia; naturalized in most countries. 
Constituents. — Daturia, mucilage, albumen; ash, 
17 per cent. 

Daturia, the alkaloid, resembles atropia. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
Extractum Stramonii Foliorum. Dose, gr. ^-J. 
Extractum Stramonii Seminorum. Dose, gr. i-J. 
Tinctura Stramonii (seeds, 3ij to Oi). Dose, 
m.x-xx. 



150 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Unguentum Stramonii (ext., 3i to si). 

Antagonists and Tncompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, 
physostigma, opium. 

Synergists. — Belladonna, hyoscyainus, digitalis, 
etc. ; agents known as excito-motors. 

Action and Uses. — Antispasmodic, narcotic, ano- 
dyne, dilates the pupil, diuretic. 

Used in asthma. 



SULPHUR.— Sulphur, S. 

(Washed sulphur, sublimed sulphur, or flowers of 
sulphur, precipitated sulphur, brimstone.) 

Sulphur is found in the proteids, mineral-waters, 
and also in combination with many metals. 

Commercially obtained .native, from volcanic re- 
gions of the world, Italy and Sicily supplying most 
of it, from surface and sub-surface beds found near 
volcanoes. 

It is an opaque, brittle, shining solid, having a 
crystalline fracture. When pure it is pale yellow, 
but may vary from lemon yellow to greenish, or 
dark-brown yellow, according to the degree of heat 
to which it has been subjected. Has insipid taste, 
crackles when crushed in the hand, from unequal 
expansion. The washed, sublimed (flowers), and 
precipitated, are more or less completely pulverized 
forms. It is freely soluble in boiling alcohol and 
turpentine; also, in benzol and disulphide of car- 
bon ; feebly soluble in ether and chloroform ; and is 
insoluble in water. 

It dissolves in most fattv and essential oils. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 151 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Sulphur Precipitatum. Dose, 3i-iij. 

Sulphuris Ioclidum. Not used internally. 

Unguentum Sulphuris (sulph., 1 part; lard, 2 
parts). 

Unguentum Sulphuris Iodidi (sulph. iod., gr. xxx 
to 3i). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
and also sulphuric acids, decompose the sulphites 
and hyposulphites; oxidizing substances antago- 
nize it. 

Synergists. — Remedial agents that arrest ferment- 
ative processes. 

Action and Uses. — Externally, stimulant; second- 
arily, an irritant; internally, laxative (gr. x-xl), an- 
tiseptic. 

As purgative, the confection (Br.): Sulph., giv; 
cream of tartar, 3i, in syrup of orange-peel, fgiv. 
M. S. Teaspoonful, or tablespoonful, according to 
the nature of the case. 

TABACUM.— Tobacco. 

Origin. — Leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Solanacese. 

Habitat. — Tropical and temperate America; cul- 
tivated. 

Constituents. — Nicotiana, 2 to 8 per cent.; nocoti- 
anin, albumen, gum, extractive; ash, 14 to 18 per 
cent. 

Officinal Preparations, U. S. 

Infusum Tabaci«(3i to Oi). Dose, f3ij-iv. 



152 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Oleum Tabaci. Not used internally. 

Unguentum Tabaci (aq. ext. folioruin, f3i; adi- 
pis, 3xvi). 

Vinum Tabaci. Dose, gtt. xx. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, 
tannin, iodides. Physiologically, strychnia, ergot, 
digitalis, ammonia, alcohols, etc. 

Synergists. — Motor depressants. 

Action and Uses. — Sedative, emetic, narcotic; ex- 
ternally, sternutatory, enema. 

T AM ARINDUS.— Tamarind. 

Origin. — Preserved fruit of Tamarindus Indica, 
Lin. Nat. ord., Leguminosae, CEesalpinese. 

Habitat.— -India and Tropical Africa; naturalized 
in the West Indies. 

Constituents. — Tartaric, citric, malic, and acetic 
acids, in potassium combinations; also, sugar, pectin, 
tannin. 

Action and Uses. — Laxative. Dose, 3ss-v; more 
in confections. 

TARAXACUM.— Dandelion. 

Origin. — Root of Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. 
Nat. ord.j Composite. 

Habitat. — Grassy places and road-sides of Europe; 
naturalized in United States. 

Constituents. — Early in spring contains uncrystal- 
lizable sugar, which disappears during the summer. 
In the autumn, it contains 24 per cent, of inulin, 
and some pectin. The milk-juice contains the bit- 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 153 

ter crystalline principle taraxacin, and an aglutin- 
ous resin. 

Taraxacin is soluble in water and alcohol. 

Officinal Preparations, XT. S. 
Extractum Taraxaci. Dose, gr. xx-xxx. 
Extractum Taraxaci Pluidum. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
Infusum Taraxaci (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ij-iv. 
Succus Taraxaci. Dose, fjij-iv. 
Action and Uses. — Deobstruent, tonic in hepatic 
disorders. 

Deranges digestion, if continued for a long time. 

TEREBINTHINA.— Turpentine, 

Origin. — Tough, yellowish masses of gum-resin 
from Pinus Australis, Mich. (P. Palustris, Miller); 
and P. Taeda, Lin. Nat. ord., Coniferse. 

Habitat. — Southern United States. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 20 to 30 per cent.; ab- 
ietic acid, and other resin acids. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, 
astringent. Dose, gr. x-xl, pills. 

Terebinthina Canadensis — Canada Turpentine. 

Origin. — Oleo-resin of Abies Balsamea, Marshall. 
Nat. ord., Coniferse. 

Habitat. — Canada and Northern United States. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, 25 to 30 per cent.; un- 
crystallizable resin, and bitter principle, soluble in 
water. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic; 
mostly used externally. 



154 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Oleum Terebinthin^i — Oil of Turpentine. 

The volatile oil distilled from most of the species 
of Pinus. 

Dose of the oil, m.x-xx, given three or four times 
a clay, in typhoid fever or dysentery; or, f3i-f3ss, 
as a vermifuge. 

Officinal Preparation, U. S. 

Linimentum Terebinthinae. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Agents that pro- 
mote waste, and the vaso-motor depressants. 

In case of poisoning, anodynes and demulcents 
should follow the evacuation of the stomach. 

Synergists.— -The diffusible and alcoholic stimulants. 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, 
astringent. 

Chronic intestinal catarrh: #. 01. terebinth., f 31 ; 
ol. amygdal. express., fgss; tine, opii, f 3ij ; mucil. 
acacise, f3v; aq. laur-cerasi, f3ss. M. S. Teaspoon- 
ful every three, four, or six hours, as indicated. 

Anthelmintic, half an ounce combined with an 
ounce of castor-oil — for round worms and taenia. 

Acts happily in chronic, cystic, and urethral in- 
flammations, because of its rapid elimination through 
the kidneys. 

Locally, stupes, liniments and vaporizations, etc. 

UVA TJRSL— Bear-berry. 

Origin. — Leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 
Sprengel. Nat. ord. 9 Ericaceae. 

Habitat. — Northern Hemisphere, in dry, sandy 
places. 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 155 

Constituents. — Tannin, gallic acid, arbutin, erico- 
lin, ursone (tasteless crystals). 

Officinal Preparations, II. S. 

Decoctum Uvae Ursi (3i to Oi). Dose, fiji-iv. 

Extractum Uvae Ursi Pluidum. Dose, f 3i— ij . 

Action and Uses. — Astringent, tonic, diuretic, ne- 
phritic. 

Its astringency acts electively on the genitouri- 
nary tract — its widest field of usefulness. 

VALERIANA.— Valerian. 

Origin. — Root of Valeriana Officinalis, Lin. Nat. 
ord., Valerianaceae. 

Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia; naturalized 
in New England, in moist and dry localities; culti- 
vated. 

Constituents. — Volatile oil, valerianic, formic, and 
acetic acids, tannin, resin, starch, mucilage. 

Officinal Preparations, II. S. 

Extractum Valeriana. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Extractum Valerianae Pluidum. Dose, f3i. 

Infusum Valerianae (fgi to Oi). Dose, fgij-iv. 

Oleum Valerianae. Dose, gtt. ij-v. 

Tinctura Valerianae (3\j to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 

Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata (3ij to Oi). Dose, 
f3i-ij. 

Antagonists and Incom.p edibles. — Quinia, digitalis, 
ergot, and similar agents. 

Synergists. — Cerebral excitants — opium, alcohol, 
etc. 



156 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 

Action and Uses. — Stimulant, anodyne, antispas- 
modic, nervine. 

Nervous headache: #. Tine. Valerianae amm., fgi. 
M. S. One to two teaspoonfuls every three or four 
hours. This may be combined with the tincture of 
aconite root with good effect. 

Acidum Valemanicum. — Valerianic Acid. 

This is the odorous principle, and rapidly appears 
in the urine and sweat. It is a colorless liquid of 
oily consistence, penetrating, disagreeable odor, and 
caustic taste. 

Its officinal preparations are (IT. S.), Valerianas 
Ammonii, Valerian. Quiniee, Valerian. Zinci. 

The doses range from gr. i to gr. v. 



ZINCITM.— Zinc. Zn. 

Zinc is found abundantly in nature in various 
combinations, the silicate (calamine) and the carbon- 
ate (blende) being most common. 

It is obtained commercially by smelting the ores 
of lead and zinc. 

The salts are usually colorless, soluble in water, 
of acid reaction, disagreeable taste. By long heat- 
ing, most of them are converted into the oxide. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
Zinci Oxidum. Dose, gr. ij-viij. 
Zinci Oxidum Venale. Ung. Zinci Ox. (one to 
five parts). 

Zinci Chloridum. Caustic and astringent. 
Zinci Acetas. Collyrium (gr. ss-ij to fgi). 



For Dentists and Dental Students. 157 

Zinci Carbonas Precipitata. 

Zinci Sulphas (white vitriol). Dose, emetic, gr. 
x-xxx. 

Zinci Valerianas (pill). Dose, gr. i-ij. 

Ung. Benzoicum Ox. Zinci (zn. ox., gr. lxxx to 
ling, benz., gr. cccc). 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Lime-water, the 
alkalies and their carbonates, nitrate of silver, veg- 
etable astringents, acetate of lead. 

Synergists. — The mercurial, silver, antimonial, and 
copper compounds. 

Action and Uses. — Caustic (chloride), astringent, 
tonic, specific emetic, antispasmodic. 

Summer diarrhea of children, with bismuth and 
pepsin: #. Zinci ox., gr. viij; bismuth subnit., 3iss; 
pepsin, sach., 3i. M. ft. pulv. No. xij. Sig. One 
powder every three to six hours. 

Chronic dysentery, combined with opium and ip- 
ecac: #. Sulph., pulv. opii, pulv. ipecac, aa gr. xij. 
M. ft. pil. No. xij. S. One pill three or four times a 
day. 

Whooping-cough, the sulph. zinc. (gr. J-i), and 
ext. belladonna (gr. i-ss), used with success. 

Nervine tonic: #. Zinc. Valerian., gr. xxiv; con- 
feet, rosee, q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xij. S. One pill 
twice or thrice a day. 

Chronic alcoholismus: #. Zinc, ox., 3i; piperin., 
9i. M. ft. pil. No. xx. S. One pill every three or 
four hours. 

Gonorrhea: #. Zinc, sulph., gr. viij; acid, tannic, 
gr. vi; glycerin., f^ij; aq. dest., f3vi. M. S. In- 
ject three or four times a day. To be used after an 



158 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics. 

injection of reasonably pure water, to wash out the 
urethra. 

ZESTGERIBER.— Ginger. 
Origin. — Rhizome of Zingeriber Officinale, Roscoe. 

Nat. ord., Zingeriberaceae. 

Habitat. — India; cultivated in the tropics 
Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin (to which the hot 

taste is due), starch, mucilage, etc. 

Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 

Extractum Zingeriberis Fluidum. Dose, m.x-xx. 

Infusum Zingeriberis (3ss to Oi). Dose, f3ij-iv. 

Oleo-resina Zingeriberis. Dose, m.ss-ij. 

Syrupus Zingeriberis. As a vehicle. 

Trochischi Zingeriberis (each contains m.ij of 
tincture). 

Dose, in substance, gr. x-xv. 

Action and Uses. — Agreeable stimulant, carmi- 
native, rubifacient, anodyne. As a flavoring. 



APPENDIX. 



TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF U. S. PHARMACOPOEIA. 

One pound, ib =12 Troy ounces = 5760 grains. 

One Troy ounce, § = 8 drachms = 480 grains. 
One drachm, 3 =3 scruples = 60 grains. 
One scruple, 9 =20 grains. 

One grain, gr. = 1 grain. 

1 minim, TTL- 
60 minims = 1 fluid drachm, f £ . 
480 minims = 8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce, 13 . 
7680 minims = 128 fluid drachms = 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint,0. 
61440 minims = 1024 fluid drachms = 12S fluid ounces = 8 pints 

[= 1 gal. Cong. 



METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE FRENCH 
CODEX AND GERMAN PHAR. 

The unit of all metric measures is the meter (French metre), and 
this is the ten-millionth part of the quadrant, or fourth part of the 
terrestrial meridian, the quadrant being the distance from the equa- 
tor to the pole. The cube of the tenth part of a meter, denominated 
liter (Fr. litre), was adopted as the unit of measures of capacity. 
The weight of the one-thousandth part of a liter of distilled water 
at its greatest density (4° C. ; 24.8° F.) was denominated gram (Fr. 
gramme), and adopted as the unit of weight. The subdivisions of 
all measures are named by prefixing to the name of the unit the 
Latin numerals deci (,1), centi (.01), and milli (,001); and the larger 
denominations by prefixing the Greek numerals deka (10), hehto 
(100), kilo (1000), and myria (10,000). 

(159) 



160 Appendix. 



1 milligram = 0.001 gram. 
10 milligrams = 1. centigram = 0.010 gram. 
100 milligrams = 10. centigrams = 1. decigram = 0.100 gram. 
1000 milligrams = 100. centigrams = 10. decigrams = 1.000 gram. 

1 gram (weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4° C). 
10 grams = 1 dekagram. 
100 grams = 10 dekagrams = 1 hektogram. 
1000 grams = 100 dekagrams — 10 hektograms = 1 kilogram. 

1 milliliter (or 1 cubic centimeter) = 0.001 liter. 
10 milliliters = 1 centiliter — 0.01 liter. 

100 milliliters = 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter = .10 liter. 

1000 milliliters = 100 centiliters = 10 deciliters = 1.0 liter. 

1 liter (or 1 cubic decimeter). 
10 liters = 1 dekaliter. 
100 liters = 10 dekaliters = 1 hektoliter. 
1000 liters = 100 dekaliters = 10 hektoliters = 1 kiloliter. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES OF THE BKITISH 
PHARMACOPEIA. 

One pound, ft) = 16 ounces = 7000 Troy grains = 1ft) g ij £ iv gr.xl. 
One ounce, oz. = 437.5 Troy grs. = 5 vij gr. xvijss. 

One grain, gr. = 1 grain. 

The pound and ounce of the Br. Pharni. are identical with the 
same denominations of avoirdupois weight. The avoirdupois ounce 
is subdivided into 16 drachms (1 drachm = 27.34 Troy grains) ; but 
the Br. Pharm. recognizes no subdivisions between the ounce and 
grain. It is, however, optional with the physician in prescribing to 
use the symbols ►) and 3 , the former representing 20 and the latter 
60 grains, if such should conduce to accuracy or convenience. 

Troy grs. 

1 minim, min. = 0.91. 

60 minims= 1 fluid drachm, fl. dr. = 54.7. 

480 minims— 8 fl'd draclims= 1 fluid ounce, fl. oz. = 437.5. 

9600 minims— 160 fl'd drachms= 20 fl'd ozs.=l pint, 0= 8750. 

76800 minims=1280 fl'd drachms=160 fl'd ozs.=8 pints =70000. 



Appendix. 



161 



APPROXIMATE MEASURES. 

In the United States and in Great Britain prescriptions are com- 
pounded by weighing the solids and measuring the liquids ; but on 
the Continent of Europe weights alone are employed in the making 
of preparations and in the compounding of prescriptions. Medi- 
cines are, however, taken by familiar domestic measures, which are 
subject to considerable variations, but are usually estimated as hav- 
ing the following capacity : 

In the United States. In France. 

A teaspoon ful, One fluid drachm, 5 grams of water. 

A dessertspoonful, Two fluid drachms. 

A tablespoonful, Half a fluid ounce, 20 grams of water. 

A wineglassful, Two fluid ounces. 

A glassful, 160 grams of water. 

A teacupful, Four fluid ounces. 

A tumblerful, Eight fluid ounces. 

Gutta — a drop — is very uncertain, depending on the viscidity of 
the liquid, size and shape of the vessel, the curvature of the lip, the 
temperature, the rapidity of dropping, and probably other circum- 
stances. Between aqueous liquids and others the difference ranges 
from 50 to 200 per cent. Hence, the drop should give place to 
weight or measure; and this may be approximated by each minim 
to contain of 

Ether and ethereal solutions. - 2} to 3 drops. 

Tinctures, alcoholic solutions, and volatile oils, 1J to 2 or 2J drops. 

Medicated wines 1 to 1J drops. 

Water and aqueous solutions f to 1 drop. 

11 



162 Appendix. 



TABLE OF ELEMENTS. 



Symbols. 

Aluminium Al. 

Antimony (Stibium) Sb. 

Arsenic As. 

Barium Ba. 

Beryllium Be. 

Bismuth Bi. 

Boron B. 

Bromine Br. 

Cadmium Cd. 

Csesium Cs. 

Calcium Ca. 

Carbon C. 

Cerium Ce. 

Chlorine CI. 

Chromium Cr. 

Cobalt Co. 

Copper (Cuprum) Cu. 

Decipium Dp. 

Didymium D. 

Erbium Eb. 

Fluorine F. 

Gallium Ga. 

Gold (Aurum) Au. 

Hydrogen H. 

Ilmenium II. 

Indium In. 

Iodine I. 

Iridium Ir. 

Iron (Ferrum) Fe. 

Lanthanum La. 

Lavcesium Lv. 

Lead (Plumbum) Pb. 

Lithium Li. 

Magnesium Mg. 



Atomic 
Value. 


Atomic 
Weight. 


Ill 


27.5 


III, V 


122. 


III, V 


75. 


II 


137. 


II 


9.5 


III, V 


210. 


III 


11. 


I 


80. 


II 


112. 


I 


133. 


II 


40. 


II, IV 


12. 


II, VI 


92. 


I 


35.5 


III, VI 


52.5 


II, VI 


58.8 


II 


63.5 


II 


106. 


II 


96. 


II 


112.5 


I 


19. 


I 


68. 


I, III 


197. 


I 


1. 


V 


105. 


II 


75.6 


I 


127. 


IV 


198. 


I, III, VI 


56. 


II 


93.6 


? 


? 


II, IV 


207. 


I 


7. 


II 


24. 



Appendix. 163 



Symbols. 

Manganesium Mn. 

Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg. 

Molybdenum Mo. 

Mosandrium Ms. 

Neptunium Np. 

Nickel Ni. 

Niobium Nb. 

Nitrogen N. 

Osmium Os. 

Oxygen O. 

Palladium Pd. 

Phillipium Pp. 

Phosphorus - P. 

Platinum Pt. 

Potassium (Kalium) K. 

Rhodium Rh. 

Rubidium Rb. 

Ruthenium Ru. 

Selenium Se. 

Silicium Si. 

Silver (Argentum) Ag. 

Sodium (Natrium) Na. 

Strontium Sr. 

Sulphur S. 

Tantalum Ta. 

Tellurium Te. 

Terbium Tb. 

Thallium Tl. 

Thorium Th. 

Tin (Stannum) Sn. 

Titanium Ti. 

Tungsten, or Wolfram W. 

Uranium U. 

Vanadium V. 

Ytterbium Yb. 

Yttrium Y. 

Zinc Zr\ e 

Zirconium Zi\ 



Atomic 


Atomic 


Value. 


Weight. 


II, IV, VI 


55. 


II 


200. 


VI 


96. 


II 


? 


V 


118. 


II, VI 


58.8 


V 


94. 


i, ni, v 


14. 


IV 


199. 


II 


16. 


IV 


106.6 


II 


74. 


III, V 


31. 


IV 


198. 


I 


39. 


IV 


104.4 


I 


85.4 


IV 


104.4 


VI 


79.4 


IV 


28. 


I 


108. 


I 


23. 


II 


87.5 


II, IV, VI 


32. 


V 


182. 


VI 


128. 


II 


98. 


III 


204. 


II, IV 


235. 


II, IV 


118. 


IV 


50. 


VI 


184. 


IV, VI 


240. 


V 


51.2 


II 


115.? 


ffi 


9.2. 


H 


65,. 


IV 


89.6 



164 



Appendix. 



Abbreviations Used in Writing Prescriptions, 



Abbreviation. 
aa 

Ad lib. 
Ad saturand. 
Aq. ferv. 
Aq. tepid. 
Chart. 
Coch. mag. 
Coch. parv. 
Colent. 
Collyr. 
Contus. 
F. vel ft. 
Fol. 
Garg. 
Gtt. 
Haust. 
Infus. 
M. 

Mass. 
Mist. 
Pil. 
Pulv. 
Q.s. 
R 

Ead. 
S. 
Ss. 
Tinct. vel tr. 



Latin. 
Ana. 

Ad libitum. 
Ad saturandum. 
Aqua fervens. 
Aqua tepida. 
Chartula. 

Cochlear magnum. 
Cochlear parvum. 
Colentur. 
Collyrium. 
Contusus. 
Fiat vel fiant. 
Folium vel folia. 
Gargarisma. 
Gutta vel guttse. 
Haustus. 
Infusis. 
Misce. 
Massa. 
Mistura. 

Pilula vel pilulse. 
Pulvis vel pulveres. 
Quantum sufficit. 
Recipe. 
Radix. 
Signa. 
Semis. 
Tinctura. 



English. 
Of each. 
At pleasure. 
Until saturated. 
Hot water. 
Warm water. 
A small paper. 
A tablespoonful. 
A teas poonf ul. 
Let them be strained. 
An eye-water. 
Bruised. 

Let them be made. 
A leaf or leaves. 
A gargle. 
A drop or drops. 
A draught. 
An infusion. 
Mix. 
A mass. 
A mixture. 
A pill or pills. 
A powder or powders. 
A sufficient quantity. 
Take. 
A root. 
Write. 
The half. 
A tincture. 



Appendix. 165 



OBTUNDENTS OF SENSITIVE DENTINE. 



Dryness, mechanical and chemical. The former, by absorbents, 
hot air, etc. ; the latter, by materials having an infinity for the water 
of the dentine, as glycerine, alcohol, or either of these combined 
with tannic acid, chloride of zinc, tincture of aconite root, etc. 

Dr. Shumway's method: Two parts of glycerine to one part of 
tincture of aconite root. 

Dr. S. J. MeDougall's: 

R. 

Alcohol, absolut f ^ ss. 

Glycerinse f ^ ss. 

Acidi tannici f^ss. 

M. 

Also: 

R. 

Alcohol, absolut f g ss. 

Glycerinae fg ss. 

Zinci chloridi f^ss. 

M. 
Formula of Weatherbee's "Dental Obtundent :" 

Concentrated solution of phosphoric acid f^i. 

Chloroform f 3^ ij. 

High-proof alcohol f^vi-viij. 

Sulphate of morphia.... gr. cxxv. 

These to be rubbed together in a mortar. 



166 Appendix. 



TABLE OF POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. 



In all cases of poisoning, the first step is to evacuate the stomach, 
which should be effected by one of those emetics which is most pow- 
erful and speedy in its operation, as sulphate of zinc, or sulphate of 
copper. When vomiting has already taken place, copious draughts 
of warm water or mucilaginous drinks should be given, to keep up 
the effect till the poisoning substance has been evacuated. If vom- 
iting cannot be produced, the stomach-pump must be used. 

Inflammation of the stomach, congestion of the brain, and other 
symptoms, are to be treated on general principles, viz., by blood-let- 
ting, cold applications, revulsives, cool mucilaginous drinks, milk, 
lime-water, etc. When prostration exists, stimulants should be re- 
sorted to, as in other cases. 

The following is a list of the usual poisoning substances, with the 
appropriate remedies : 

Poisons. — Acids. Antidotes. — The alkalies. Common soap (soft 
or hard) in solution is an efficient remedy, and has the advantage 
of being always at hand. It should be followed by copious draughts 
of tepid water or flaxseed tea. For nitric and oxalic acids, the car- 
bonates of magnesia and lime (chalk and water) are the best anti- 
dotes. When sulphuric acid has been taken, the use of much water 
will be improper. 

Alkalies and their salts. Antidotes. — The vegetable acids. Com- 
mon vinegar being always at hand, is most frequently used. The 
fixed oils, as castor, flaxseed, almond, and olive oils, form soaps with 
the alkalies, and thus, also, destroy their caustic effect. They should 
be given in large quantities. 

Earths — Baryta and its salts, Lime. Antidotes. — Epsom or Glau- 
ber's Salts, in solution, or diluted sulphuric acid. The fixed oils 
also have the same effect as with the alkalies proper when not in a 
compound state. 

Iodine ; Iodide of Potassium. Antidotes. — Starch, or wheat-flour, 
in large quantities well mixed with water. For Iodide of Potassium, 
there being no antidote, vomiting must be promoted by copious 
draughts of warm water. 



Appendix. 167 



Antimony and its salts. Antidotes. — Astringent Infusions, as of 
galls, oak bark, Peruvian bark, or green tea, very strong. 

Arsenic and its compounds. Antidotes. — Hydrated Peroxide of 
Iron (freshly prepared), in tablespoonful doses every five or ten 
minutes, or better, "Dialysed Iron," in teaspoonful doses. Freshly 
precipitated Magnesia, Demulcents, etc. 

Bismuth and its compounds. Antidotes. — Albumen. Copious 
draughts of milk, combined with sweet mucilaginous drinks. 

Copper and its compounds. Antidotes. — Albumen, as milk or 
whites of eggs in solution, should be freely administered. Vinegar 
must be avoided. 

Gold, salts of. Antidote. — Sulphate of Iron, with a free use of 
mucilaginous drinks. 

Iron, salts of. Antidote. — Carbonate of Soda, with mucilaginous 
drinks. 

Lead, salts of. Antidotes. — Sulphate of Magnesia (Epsom Salts), 
or diluted sulphuric acid. 

Mercury, salts of. Antidotes. — Albumen, as whites of eggs, milk, 
or wheat-flour beaten up with water. 

Silver, salts of. Antidotes.— Common salt (chloride of sodium), 
largely given ; white of egg or milk, followed by an emetic. 

Tin, salts of. Antidotes. — Albumen. Whites of eggs, milk, or 
flour. 

Zinc, salts of. Antidotes. — Albumen, or carbonate of soda, with 
copious draughts of warm water, and especially milk. 

Phosphorus. No chemical antidote ; therefore get the poison out 
of the system as soon as possible, by stomach-pump or an emetic of 
sulphate of zinc. Give cathartic, if the poison has reached the in- 
testines. Give no oily or fatty matter. Old oil of turpentine has been 
used with advantage — the older the better. 

Gases. Antidotes. — Ammonia, cautiously inhaled, is recommended 
for chlorine. Asphyxia produced by carbonic acid or carbonic ox- 
ide gases or sulphuretted hydrogen, must be treated by copious affu- 
sions of cold water, especially to the head, blood-letting, artificial 
respiration, stimulants carefully administered, etc. 

Creasote. Antidotes. — Albumen, or whites of eggs, milk, or wheat- 
flour. 

Alcohol or spirituous liquors. Antidotes. — A powerful emetic 
should be given, followed by copious draughts of warm water. Con- 



168 Appendix. 



gestion of the brain, and other symptoms, to be treated on general 
principles. 

Opium and other narcotics. Antidotes. — The chief reliance is to 
be placed on the most active emetics (as tartar emetic, sulphate of 
copper, or sulphate of zinc), and the stomach-pump. Emetics are 
preferable to the stomach-pump when the narcotic has been taken 
in substance. The patient should be kept in motion, and cold water 
dashed on the head and shoulders. Blood-letting may become nec- 
essary to relieve congestion. After other remedies fail, artificial 
respiration should be resorted to. Strong hot coffee, a teacupful al- 
ternately with vinegar and water, may be useful. Electro-magnet- 
ism has also been efficacious. 

Poisonous serpents. Antidotes. — A cupping-glass over the wound, 
or a tight ligature above it ; cauterization of wound. Warm dilu- 
ent drinks and small doses of ammonia to promote perspiration. 
Whisky has been given in large doses. Bibron's antidote is as fol- 
lows: R. Potass. Iodid., gr. iv; Hydrarg. chlor. corros., gr. ij; Bro- 
minii 3 v. M. Ten drops in a tablespoonful of wine or brandy, 
repeated if necessary. 



Appendix. 169 



REMEDIES IN FREQUENT USE, 

BUT COMPARATIVELY NEW. 



BRAYERA.— Kooso. 



Origin. — The flowers and unripe fruit of Brayera Anthelmintica, 
Kunth. Nat. ord., Rosaceae, Roseae. 

Habitat. — Table-land and mountains of Abyssinia. 

Constituents. — An acrid bitter resin, 6.25 per cent.; tannin, 24.4 
per cent. ; ash, 15.71 per cent. ; wax, sugar, gum. 

Officinal Preparation, IT. S., Br. 

Infusum Kooso. Dose, f § ss-i. 

Action and Uses. — Anthelmintic, especially as a teanicide. 

It is to be given fasting in the morning, and followed by a brisk 
cathartic in three or four hours. 

Abyssinian method: Infusion is made with water or beer, or the 
flowers are mixed with honey to the amount of from four to six 
drachms, and the whole is taken in the morning, fasting, and no 
food taken all day. The tape- worm is usually expelled in from 
twelve to twenty-four hours. 

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. [Ph. B.] 

Origin. — Leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill. Nat ord., Myr- 
tacese. 

Habitat. — Tasmania; cultivated in Europe, Northern Africa, 
Southern United States, and California. 

Constituents. — Hartzer (1876) found tannin, cerylic alcohol, a crys- 
tallizable fatty acid, and three resins. Many other constituents have 
been found, but the most important is the dextrogyre volatile oil, 
composed of eucalyptol, terpene, and cymol. 

Action and Uses. — An excellent antiseptic, rapidly destructive to 
infusoria. 

It paralyzes the spinal cord and medulla, a period of excitement 



170 Appendix. 



rapidly giving way to profound muscular weakness, loss of reflex 
sensibility, and finally death by respiratory failure. The pulse loses 
its force, temperature is lowered, urea is increased. 

Therapeutically the drug is antiperiodic ; and is thought to re- 
claim malarious districts. This is strongly doubted by later experi- 
menters. 

Recommended in bronchitis and asthma. 

Dose, of the tincture, f^ss-ij. Oil is its best form; dose, gtt. v-x. 

JABOKANDL— Jaborandi. 

Origin, — Leaflets of Pilocarpus Pennatifolius, Lemaire. Nat. ord., 
Rutacese, Xanthoxylese. 

Habitat. — Brazil, near Pernambuco. 

Constituents. — Byasson (1875) obtained a volatile oil and an alka- 
loid pilocarpina or pilocarpin, Upon which its power depends. 

Action and Uses. — When taken (thirty to ninety grains in boiling 
water) a diffused glow is soon felt, followed by profuse perspiration. 
Temperature falls, circulation excited. It is thought to be the only 
direct and essential diaphoretic known. It is also galactagogue. It 
produces flushing, etc., like atropia, but is its antagonist upon the 
mammary, sudoral, and salivary secretions, and on the pupils and 
minute arteries. 

Pilocarpin, or its muriate, injected hypodermically, acts as jabo- 
randi, and is less apt to produce vomiting. 

Therapeutically, it is confined to lessening the fluids in the sys- 
tem. Dropsy of Bright' s disease is met by it most happily. To 
avoid vomiting, it may be given by anema. May be given in infu- 
sion (ninety grains to four ounces ; dose, one ounce), and a concen- 
trated tincture representing thirty grains to the fluid drachm. 

Pilocarpin, dose, gr. J to f , by mouth ; gr. J, hypodermically. 

LAURO-CERASI FOLIA.— Cherry-laurel Leaves. [Ph. B.] 
This drug contains prussic acid, but, as it is very variable, its use 
cannot be advised. 

LIQUOR FERRI DIALYSATUS.— Dialysed Iron. 
A recent preparation rapidly coming into favor. Its merits are : 
Has no styptic taste, mixes with water in any proportion, does not 
stain the teeth, or produce constipation. 



Appendix. 171 



Some experimenters cast serious doubt on it. 
Dose, thirty drops, three or four times a day. 
Its use as an antidote to arsenic is questioned by some authors. 

PETROSELINUM.— Parsley. 

Origin. — The root of Petroselinum Sativum, Hofm. ; S. Apium 
Petroselinum, Lin. Nat. ord., Umbelliferse. Orthospermse. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe. 

Constituents. — Starch, sugar, volatile oil, and apiin. Joret and 
Homalle (1855) separated apiol from parsley. 

Action and Uses. — Carminative, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
Also thought to be antiperiodic. 

As an emmenagogue, is the field where it is thought to be of 
unquestionable benefit. 

Powdered seeds may be given in doses of from ten to fifteen 
grains; strong infusion of root is used. 

Apiol is given two or three times a day, in doses of five or six 
drops, in capsules. 

To be given four or five days before the "period," when used as 
an emmenagogue. 



Acknowledgment. 



The author makes grateful acknowledgment to 
the works of Gubler, Bartholow, Farquharson, 
Ringer, Headland, Stille and Maisch (U. S. Dispen- 
satory), Maisch, Biddle, Fowne, and Stocken, from 
which valuable assistance was derived. 
(172) 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Acacia 5 

Acetic acid 5 

Acetum lobelia? 110 

opii 122 

sanguinarise 138 

scillse 142 

Acidum aceticum 5 

aceticum dilutum .... 6 

aceticum glaciale 5 

arseniosum 6 

benzoicum 6 

boracicum 7 

carbolicum 7 

carbolicum impurum 7 

chromicum 9 

gallicum 9 

hydrocyanicum 10 

hydrocyanicum dilutum. . 10 

muriaticum 11 

muriaticum dilutum 11 

nitricum 12 

nitricum dilutum 12 

nitro-muriaticum 13 

nitro-muriaticum dilutum 13 

phosphoricum dilutum ... 14 

phosphoricum glaciale ... 14 

salicylicum 15 

sulphuricum 16 

sulphuricum aromaticum. 16 

sulphuricum dilutum 16 

tannicum 17 

tartaricum 18 

valerianicum 156 

Aconite 19 



PAGE 

Aconitia 19 

Aconiti folia 19 

radix 19 

Aconitum 19 

iEther 20 

fortior 29 

Alcohol 21 

dilutum 21 

fortius 22 

Allspice 128 

Alum 22 

Alumen 22 

exsiccatum 23 

Aluminii et ammonii sulphas 24 

American hellebore 136 

Ammonia 23 

Ammoniated copper 75 

mercury 93 

Ammonii benzoas 24 

bromidum 24 

carbonas 24 

chloridum 24 

chloridum purificatum ... 25 

iodidum 25 

nitras 25 

sulphas 25^ 

yalerianas 25 

Ammonio-ferric alum 25 

Ammonio-tartrate of iron . . 25 

Ammonium benzoate 24 

Anaesthesia and anaesthetics . 26 

Anaesthesia by chloroform . . 28 

by ether 29 

by nitrous oxide gas 30 

(173) 



174 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Anthemis 31 

Antidote, acetic acid 6 

aconite 23 

ammonia 25 

arsenious acid 38 

belladonna 44 

camphor 50 

cantharides 53 

carbolic acid 8 

chloral 60 

chloroform 28, 64 

conium 70 

copper 75 

corrosive sublimate 95 

digitalis 76 

Fowler's solution 38 

hydrocyanic acid 10 

iodine 99 

lead 130 

lobelia 110 

muriatic acid 11 

nitrate of silver 36 

nitric acid 12 

opium 123 

phosphorus 126 

physostigma 127 

potassium 132 

stramonium 150 

strychnia 118 

sulphuric acid 17 

table of. 166 

tartar emetic 32 

tartaric acid 19 

tobacco . 152 

veratria 136 

zinc 157 

Antimonial wine 32 

Antimonii et potassii tartras 32 

oxidum 32 



PAGE 

Antimonii oxysulphuretum. 32 

sulphuretum 32 

Antimonium 32 

sulphuratum 32 

Antimony 32 

Apiol 171 

Appendix 159 

Approximate measures 160 

Aqua 33 

ammonise 24 

ammonise fortior 24 

aurantii florum 41 

camphorse 50 

chlorini 62 

cinnamomi 68 

creasoti 74 

destillata 34 

fceniculi 83 

menthse piperitse 115 

menthse viridis 115 

Argenti nitras 35 

nitras fusa 35 

oxidum 35 

Argentum 35 

Arnica 36 

Arsenic 37 

Arsenicum 37 

Arsenici iodidum 37 

Arsenious acid 6, 37 

Asafetida 40 

Asafoetida 40 

Atropia 44 

Aurantii amari cortex 41 

dulcis cortex 41 

flores 41 

Aurantium 41 

Balsam of Peru 42 

of tolu 42 



General Index. 



175 



PAGE 

Balsam Peruvianum 42 

tolutanum 42 

Bark, cinchona 66 

Bath, nitro-muriatic dilute . . 13 

Bear-berry 154 

Belladonna 43 

folia 43 

leaves 43 

radix 43 

root 43 

Benzoate of ammonium .... 24 

Benzoic acid 6 

Benzoin 45 

Benzoinum 45 

Bichromate of potassium. . . 132 

Bismuth 46 

subcarbonate of 46 

subnitrate of 46 

Bismuthi subcarbonas 46 

subnitras 46 

Bismuthum 46 

Black draught 145 

drop 122 

Blistering collodion 89 

papers 53 

Blood-root 138 

Bone-set 79 

Borax 146 

Brayera 169 

Bromide of ammonium .... 24 

of potassium 132 

of iron 81 

Bromine 47 

Brominium 47 

Broom 143 

Buchu 47 

Butternut 103 

Cacao-butter 120 



PAGE 

Calabar-bean 127 

Calcii carbonas precipitata . . 48 

Calcii chloridum 48 

hypophosphis 48 

phosphas precipitata 48 

Calcis hydras 48 

Calcium 48 

Calomel 93 

Calumba 49 

Calx 48 

chlorinata 48 

Camphor 50 

Camphora 50 

Canella 51 

Cannabis Americana 52 

Indica 52 

Cantharides 53 

Cantharis 53 

Capsicum 54 

Carbo 54 

animalis purificatus 55 

ligni 55 

Carbolic acid 7 

ointment 8 

Carbon 54 

Carbonate of ammonium ... 24 

Cardamom 55 

Cardamomum 55 

Carronoil 49, 109 

Caryophylus 56 

Cascarilla 56 

Castor-oil 119 

Catechu 57 

Caution in regard to chloral . 61 

in regard to chloroform . . 28 

Cayenne pepper 54 

Cera alba 57 

fiava 57 

Cerate of cantharides 53 



176 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Ceratum cantharidis 53 

sabinse 137 

saponis 140 

Cerii oxalas 58 

Cerium 58 

oxalate 58 

Cerum 57 

Cetraria 58 

Cevadilla 136 

Chalk troches 48 

Charcoal, purified animal . . 55 

wood 55 

Charta cantharidis 53 

sinapis 146 

Chenopodium 59 

Chimaphila 59 

Chloral 60 

hydrate 60 

Chloride of ammonium .... 24 

of ammonium purified ... 25 

of lime 48 

Chlorine 62 

water 62 

Chlorinum , 62 

Chloroform 63 

Chloroformum 63 

purificatum 63 

venale 63 

Chromic acid 9 

Cimicifuga 66 

Cinchona 66 

flava 66 

pallida 66 

rubra 66 

Cinchonia 66 

Cinchonise sulphas . 66 

Cinchonidia 66 

Cinnamomum 67 

Cinnamon 67 



PAGE 

Citrate of iron and ammonium 80 

Citric acid 108 

Citrine ointment 94 

Cloves „ 56 

Codeia 122 

Cod-liver oil 119 

Colchici radix 68 

semen 68 

Colchicum 68 

Collodion 89 

Collodium 89 

cum cantharide 89 

flexile 89 

Colocynth 69 

Colocynthis 69 

Columbo 49 

Compound cathartic pills ... 85 

spirit of ether 21 

Confectio aromatica 68 

aurantii corticis 41 

opii 122 

sennae 144 

Confection of orange-peel . . 41 

Conii folia 70 

fructus 70 

Conium 70 

Copaiba 71 

Copper 75 

Coptis 72 

Coriander 72 

Cornus Florida 73 

Corrosive sublimate 93 

Cotton 88 

Cotton-root bark 88 

Cream of tartar 132 

Creasote 73 

Creasotum 73 

Creta preparata 48 

Croton chloral 61 



General Index. 



177 



PAGE 

Croton-oil 121 

Cubeb 74 

Cubeba 74 

Culver's root 107 

Cupri subacetatis 75 

sulphas 75 

Cuprum 75 

ammoniatum 75 

Daturia 149 

Decoction of Iceland moss. . 58 

of pipsissewa 59 

Decoctum cetrariae 58 

chimaphilae 59 

cinchonae flavae 66 

cinchonae rubrae 67 

cornus Florida* 73 

haematoxyli 91 

quercus albas 134 

sarsaparillae compositum . 140 

senegae 144 

uvse ursi 155 

Deodorized tincture of opi um 123 

Dialysed iron 167 

Digitalinum 76 

Digitalis 76 

Dilute acetic acid 6 

alcohol 21 

hydrocyanic acid 10 

nitric acid 12 

Distilled water 34 

Dogwood 73 

Donovan's solution 37, 94 

Dover's powder 102 

Drachma 160 

Dried alum 23 

Elaterin 77 

Elaterium 77 

12 



PAGE 

Emetia , 102 

Emplastrum aconiti 19 

ammoniaci cum hydrarg. . 93 

antimonii 32 

arnicae 36 

asafoetidae 40 

belladonnas 43 

ferri 80 

galbani compositum 83 

hydrargyri 93 

opii 122 

saponis 140 

Ergot of rye 78 

Ergota 78 

Ergotine 78 

Erigeron 78 

Eserina 127 

Ether 20 

Ethereal oil 118 

Eucalyptus globulus 169 

Eupatorium 79 

Extract of pipsissewa, fluid . 59 

Extractum aconiti 19 

arnicae 36 

belladonnae 43 

belladonnae alcoholicum . . 43 

belladonnae radicis fluidum 43 

buchu fluidum 47 

calumbae 49 

cannabis Americanae 52 

cannabis Indicae 52 

chimaphilae fluidum 59 

cimicifugae fluidum 65 

cinchonae 66 

cinchonae fluidum 66 

colchici aceticum 68 

colchici radicis fluidum . . 68 

colchici seminis fluidum. . 69 

colocynthidis 69 



178 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Extractum colocynthidis 

compositum 70 

conii 70 

conii alcoholicum 70 

conii fructus fluidum 70 

cornus Florida? fluidum . . 73 

cubeba? fluidum 74 

digitalis 76 

digitalis fluidum 76 

ergota? fluidum 78 

erigerontis canadensis flu- 
idum 79 

gelsemii fluidum 86 

gentiana? 87 

gentiana? fluidum 87 

glycyrrhyza? 88 

glycyrrhiza? fluidum 88 

gossypii radicis fluidum . . 88 

hsematoxyli 91 

hydrastis fluidum 97 

hyoscyami 98 

hyoscyami alcoholicum . . 98 

hyoscyami fluidum 98 

ipecacuanha fluidum 102 

jalapa? 103 

juglans 103 

krameria? 105 

krameria? fluidum 105 

lupulina? fluidum 92 

matico fluidum 114 

mezerei fluidum. . 115 

nucis vomica? 117 

opii 122 

pareira? fluidum. 125 

physostigmatis 127 

podophyli 131 

pruni Virginiana? fluidum 133 

quassia? 134 

rhei 135 

t 



PAGE 

Extractum rhei fluidum .... 135 

sabina? fluidum 138 

sarsaparilla? fluidum 140 

sarsaparilla? fluidum comp. 140 

scilla? fluidum 142 

senega? 144 

senega? fluidum 144 

senna? fluidum 144 

serpentaria? fluidum 145 

spigelian 148 

spigelian et senna? fluidum 148 

stillingia? fluidum 149 

stramonii foliorum 149 

stramonii seminorum .... 149 

taraxici 153 

taraxici fluidum 153 

uva? ursi fluidum 155 

Valeriana? 155 

Valeriana? fluidum 155 

veratri viridis fluidum . . . 136 
zingerberis fluidum 158 

Fennel 83 

Fermentum 79 

Ferri chloridum 80 

citras 80 

dialysatus 167 

et ammonii citras 80 

et ammonii sulphas 80 

et ammonii tartras 80 

et potassi tartras 80 

et quinia? citras 80 

ferrocyanidum 80 

lactas 80 

oxidum hydratum 80 

phosphas 80 

pyrophosphas 80 

subcarbonas 80 

sulphas 81 



General Index. 



179 



PAGE 

Ferri sulphas exsiccata 81 

Ferrum 80 

red actum 81 

Filix mass 82 

Flaxseed 108 

Fluid drachm 160 

ounce 160 

Fceniculum 83 

Fowler's solution 37 

Fox-glove 76 

Galbanum 83 

Galla 84 

Gamboge 85 

Gambogia 85 

Gaultheria 85 

Gelsemium 86 

Gentian 87 

Gentiana 87 

Glauber's salt 147 

Glycerina 87 

Glycerine 87 

Glyceritum acidi carbolici . . 8 

acidi gallici 84 

acidi tannici 84 

picis liquidae 129 

sodi boratis 147 

Glycyrrhiza 87 

Gold-thread 72 

Gossypii radicis cortex 88 

Gossypium 88 

Goulard's extract 130 

Green soap 140 

Guaiac 89 

Guaiaci resinae 90 

Guaiacum . 89 

Gum arabic 5 

Gun-cotton 89 

Gutta 161' 



PAGE 

Gutta-percha 90 

Hsematoxylon 91 

Hemlock 70 

Hemp, American 52 

Indian 52 

Henbane 98 

Hiera picra 52 

Hoarhound 114 

Hoffman's anodyne 21 

Hop-pillow 92 

Hops 91 

Humulus 91 

Hydrargyri chloridum cor- 

rosivum 93 

chloridum mite 93 

cyanidum 94 

iodidum rubrum 94 

iodidum viride 94 

oxidum flavum 93 

oxidum rubrum 93 

sulphas flava 94 

sulphuretum rubrum 93 

Hydrargyrum 92, 93 

ammoniatum 93 

cum creta 93 

Hydrastis 97 

Hydrated lime 48 

oxide of iron 80 

Hyoscyami folia 98 

semen 98 

Hyoscyamia 98 

Hyoscyamus 98 

Hypophosphite of lime .... 48 

Iceland moss 58 

Icthyocolla 97 

Impure carbolic acid 7 

Infusum anthemidis 31 



180 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Infusum buchu 47 

calumbae 49 

capsici 54 

caryophili 56 

cascarillae 56 

catechu compositum 57 

cinchonae flavae 66 

cinchonae rubrae 67 

digitalis 76 

enpatorii 79 

gentianae compositum 87 

humuli 92 

juniperi 104 

krameriae 105 

lini compositum 109 

pareirae 125 

picis liquidae 129 

pruni Virginianae 133 

quassiae 134 

rhei 135 

salviae 138 

sennas 144 

serpentariae 145 

spigelian 148 

tabaci 151 

taraxici 153 

Valerianae 155 

zingerberis 158 

Iodide of ammonium 25 

of arsenic 37 

Iodine 99 

Iodinum 99 

Iodism 101 

Iodoform 101 

Iodoformum 101 

Ipecacuanha 102 

Iron 79 

Isinglass , , 97 



PAGE 

Jaborandi 170 

Jalap 103 

Jalapa 103 

Juglans 103 

Juniper 104 

Juniperus 104 

Kermes mineral 32 

Kino 105 

Kooso '169 

Krameria 105 

Labarraque's solution 147 

Lactate of iron 80 

Lactucarium 106 

Laudanum 123 

Laughing-gas 30 

Lauro-cerasi folia 170 

Lavandula 106 

Lavender 106 

Laxative effect of water 34 

Lead 129 

Lemon 107 

juice 108 

Leptandra 107 

Licorice 87 

Lime . 48 

water 48 

Limones 107 

Limonis cortex 108 

succus 108 

Lini farina 108 

Linimentum aconiti 19 

ammoniae 24 

calcis 49 

camphorae . . , 50 

cantharidis , . , 53 

chloroformi 64 

saponis 140 



General Index. 



181 



PAGE 

Linimentum terebinthinae . . 154 

Linseed meal 108 

oil 108 

Linum 108 

Liquor ammonii acetatis ... 24 

arsenici chloridi 37 

arsenici et hydrargyri io- 

didi 37, 94 

calcii chloridi 48 

calcis 48 

ferri chloridi 80 

ferri citratis 80 

ferri dialysatus 170 

ferri nitratis 81 

ferri subsulphatis 81 

ferri tersulphatis 81 

gutta-perchae 90 

hydrargyri nitratis 94 

iodini compositus 99 

magnesiae citratis Ill 

morphiae sulphatis 123 

plumbi subacetatis 130 

plumbi subacetatis dilutus 130 

potassae 132 

potassii arsenitis 37 

sodae 147 

sodae chlorinatae 147 

sodii arseniatis , 147 

Lithii carbonas 109 

citras 109 

Lithium 109 

Lobelia 110 

Logwood 91 

Lupulina 92 

Mace 117 

Magnesia Ill 

Magnesii carbonas Ill 

sulphas Ill 



PAGE 

Magnesium 110 

Male fern 82 

Manganese 112 

Manganesii oxidum nigrum . 112 

sulphas 112 

Manganesium 112 

Marrubium 114 

Matico , 114 

May-apple 130 

Meconin 122 

Menthae piperita 114 

viridis 115 

Mercury 92 

Mezereon 115 

Mezereum 115 

Milk of asafetidae 40 

Mistura asafcetidae 40 

chloroformi 63 

cretae 48 

ferri composita 81 

Morphia 122 

Morphias acetas 123 

murias 123 

sulphas 123 

Moschus 116 

Mucilago acaciae 5 

sassafras medullae 141 

Musk 116 

Mustard... 145 

poultice, how to make 146 

Myristica 116 

Myrrh 117 

Myrrha t . . . . 117 

Oak 134 

Oil of amber 120 

of camphor 50 

of cloves 56 

of nereoli , 41 



182 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Oil of thyme 121 

of worm-seed 59 

Ointment, antimony 32 

belladonna 43 

benzoin 46 

cantharides 53 

carbolic acid 8 

Oleo-resina capsici 54 

cubeba? 74 

filicis 82 

lupulina? 92 

piperis 128 

zingerberis 158 

Oleo-resin of capsicum 54 

Oleum sethereum 118 

anthemidis 31 

camphora? 50 

caryophyli 56 

chenopodii , 59 

cinnamomi 68 

copaiba? 71 

cubeba? 74 

erigerontis Canadensis ... 79 

fceniculi 83 

gaultheriae 86 

juniperi 104 

lavandula? 107 

limonis 108 

lini 108 

mentha? piperita? 115 

ruentha? viridis 115 

morrhua? 119 

myristica? 116 

oliva? 119 

origani 124 

pimenta? 128 

ricini 119 

rutae 136 

sabina? 137 



PAGE 

Oleum succini 120 

tabaci 152 

terebinthina? 154 

theobroma? 120 

thymi 121 

tiglii 121 

Valeriana? 155 

Olive-oil 119 

Opium 122 

Orange 41 

flowers , 41 

Orange-peel, bitter 41 

sweet 41 

Origanum 124 

Ounce (Troy) 159 

Oxalate of cerium 58 

Oxide of antimony 32 

Oxysulphuret of antimony . . 32 
Oyster-shell prepared 48 

Papaverina 122 

Paramorphia 122 

Paregoric 123 

Pareira v 125 

Parsley 171 

Partridge-berry 85 

Pearl-ash 132 

Pepo 125 

Pepper 128 

Peppermint 114 

Peruvian bark 6Q 

Petroselinum 171 

Phosphorus 125 

Physostigma 127 

Pill, Plummer's 32 

Pilocarpin 170 

Pilula ferri carbonatis 81 

saponis compositum 140 

Pilula? antimonii composita? 32 



General Index. 



183 



PAGE 

Pilulse asafoetidse 40 

catharticse composite .... 85 

copaibse 71 

ferri composite 81 

ferri iodidi 81 

galbani composite 84 

hydrargyri 93 

opii 122 

quinine sulphatis 66 

rhei 135 

rhei composite 135 

scillse composite 142 

Pimenta 128 

Pimento 128 

Pink-root 138 

Pint, imperial 160 

Piper 128 

Piperin 128 

Pipsissewa 59 

Pixliquida 128 

Plumbi acetas 130 

carbonas 130 

iodidnm 130 

nitras 130 

Plumbum 129 

Podophyllin 131 

Podophyllum 130 

Poisoning by acids 166 

by alcohol 22, 167 

by alkalies and their salts 166 

by ammonia 25 

by antimony 32. 167 

by arsenic 38, 167 

by belladonna 44 

by bismuth and its com- 
pounds 167 

by carbolic acid 8 

by chloral 60 

by chloroform 28, 64 



PAGE 

Poisoning by copper 75, 167 

by corrosive sublimate ... 94 

by creasote 167 

by earths — baryta, lime . . 166 

by gases 167 

by gold, salts of 167 

by hemlock 70 

by hydrocyanic acid 10 

by iodine ; iodide of potas- 
sium 99, 166 

by iron, salts of 81, 167 

by lead 130, 167 

by mercury, salts of . . .94, 167 

by opium 123, 168 

by phosphorus 126, 167 

by physostigma 127 

by poisonous serpents 168 

by silver, salts of 167 

by tin, salts of 167 

by zinc, salts of 167 

Potassa 132 

Potassa cum calce 132 

Potassii acetas 132 

bicarbonas 132 

bichromas 132 

bitartras 132 

bromidum 132 

carbonas 132 

carbonas impura 132 

chloras 132 

citras 132 

cyanidum 132 

et sodii tartras 132 

ferrocyanidum 132 

hypophosphis 132 

iodidum 132 

nitras 132 

permanganas 132 

sulr>has 132 



184 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Potassium 131 

bromide 132 

sulphis 132 

sulphuretum 132 

tartras 132 

Precipitated carbonate of 

lime 48 

phosphate of lime 48 

Prepared chalk 48 

Primus Virginianae 133 

Prussian blue 80 

Pulveres effervescentes 147 

effervescentes aperientes . . 147 

Pulvis aromaticus 68 

ipecacuanha? compositus. . 102 

jalapse compositus 103 

rhei compositus 135 

Pumpkin-seed 125 

Pyroxylon 89 

Quassia 133 

Queen' s-root 149 

Quercus alba 134 

tinctoria 134 

Quinia sulphas 66 

valerianas 156 

Quinic acid 66 

Quinidia 66 

Remedies in frequent use, 

but comparatively new. 169 

Eesina jalapse 103 

podophylli 131 

scammonii 142 

Rhatany 105 

Rheum 134 

Rhubarb 134 

Rochelle salt 132 

Rue 135 



PAGE 

Ruta 135 

Sabadilla 136 

Sabina 137 

Sage 138 

Salicylic acid 15 

Salvia 138 

Sanguinaria 138 

Santonica 139 

Santoninum 139 

Sapo 140 

viridis 140 

Sarsaparilla 140 

Sassafras 141 

Scammonium 141 

Scammony 141 

Scilla... 142 

Scoparius 143 

Scruple 159 

Seidlitz powders 147 

Senega 143 

Seneka 143 

Senna 144 

Serpen taria 145 

Silver 35 

fused nitrate 35 

nitrate of 35 

oxide of 35 

Sioapis alba 145 

nigra 145 

Snake-root, Virginia 145 

Soap 140 

Soda 147 

Soda powders 147 

Sodii acetas 146 

arsenias 147 

bicarbonas .147 

boras 146 

carbonas 147 



General Index. 



185 



PAGE 

Sodii hypophosphis 147 

hyposulphis 147 

nitras 147 

phosphas 147 

sulphis 147 

Sodium 146 

arseniate of 147 

Spanish fly 53 

Spearmint 115 

Spigelia.... 148 

Spirit of ammonia 24 

of ammonia, aromatic. ... 24 

of camphor 50 

Spiritus a?theris compositus . 21 

ammonia? 24 

ammonia? aromaticus 24 

camphora? 50 

chloroformi 64 

cinnamomi 68 

juniperi 104 

juniperi compositus 104 

lavandula? 107 

lavandula? compositus. . . . 107 

limonis 108 

mentha? piperita? 115 

mentha? viridis 115 

myristica? 116 

saponatus kalinis 140 

Squill 4 142 

Stillingia 149 

Stramonium 149 

Strong alcohol 22 

Strychnia 117 

Strychnia? sulphas 117 

Succus conii 70 

taraxici 153 

Sugar of lead 130 

Sulphate of aluminium and 

ammonium * 24 



PAGE 

Sulphate of ammonium 25 

of atropia 44 

of iron and ammonium . . 25 

Sulphur 150 

iodidum 150 

lotum (washed) 150 

prsecipitatum 150 

sublimatum 150 

Sulphurated antimony 32 

Sulphuret of antimony 32 

Sulphuric acid 16 

Suppositoria acidi tannici . . 84 

asafcetida? 40 

belladonna? 44 

morphia? 123 

opii 122 

Syrupus acacia? 5 

acidi citrici 108 

aurantii corticis 41 

aurantii florum 41 

ferri iodidi 81 

ipecacuanha? 102 

krameria? 105 

lactucarii 106 

limonis 108 

pruni Yirginiani 133 

rhei 135 

rhei aromaticus 135 

sarsaparilla? compositum . 141 

scilla? 142 

scilla? compositus 142 

senega? 144 

tolutanus 42 

zingeriberis 158 

Tabacum 151 

Table salt 147 

Tamarind 152 

Tamarindus 152 



186 



General Index. 



PAGE 

Tar 128 

Taraxicum 153 

Tartar emetic 32 

Tartaric acid 18 

Tartrate of antimony and 

potassium 32 

of iron ammonia 25 

Temperature reduced by 

baths 35 

Terebinthina 153 

Canadensis 153 

Testa preparata 48 

Thebaia 122 

Theobroma 120 

Thorough- wort 79 

Tinctura aconiti radicis .... 20 

aloes et myrrhae 117 

arnicae 36 

asafcetidae 40 

* aurantii 41 

belladonna 43 

benzoini 46 

benzoini composita 46 

calurnbae 49 

cannabis 52 

cantharidis 53 

capsici 54 

cardamomi 55 

cardamomi composita .... 55 

catechu 57 

cinchona 67 

cinchonae composita 67 

cinnamomi 68 

colchici 69 

conii 70 

cubebae 74 

digitalis 76 

ferri chloridi 80 

galke 84 



PAGE 

Tinctura gentianae composita 87 

guaiaci 90 

guaiaci ammoniata 90 

humuli 92 

hyoscyami 98 

iodini 99 

iodini composita 99 

jalapae 103 

kino 105 

krameriae 105 

lobeliae 110 

lupulinae 92 

myrrhae 117 

nucis vomicae 117 

opii 123 

opii acetata 123 

opii camphorata 123 

opii deodorata 123 

quassiae 134 

rhei 135 

rhei et sennae 135 

sanguinariae 138 

scillae 142 

serpentariae 145 

stramonii 149 

tolutana 42 

Valerianae 155 

Valerianae ammoniata . 155 

veratri viridis 136 

Tobacco 151 

Trochischi acidi tannici 84 

cretae 48 

cubebae 74 

ferri subcarbonatis 80 

glycyrrhizae et opii 123 

ipecacuanhae 102 

magnesiae Ill 

menthae piperitae 115 

morphiae et ipecacuanhae . 102 



General Index. 



187 



PAGE 

Trochisci santonini 139 

sodii bicarbonatis 147 

zingeriberis 158 

Turpentine 153 

Turpeth mineral 94 

Uncia (ounce) 159 

Unguentum acidi carbolici . 8 

acidi tannici 84 

antimonii 32 

belladonna? 43 

benzoini 46 

cantharidis 52 

creasoti 74 

gallse 84 

hydrargyri 93 

liydrargyri ammoniati ... 93 

hydrargyri iodidi rubri . . 94 

hydrargyri nitratis 94 

hydrargyri oxidi flavi ... 93 

hydrargyri oxidi rubri ... 93 

iodini 99 

iodini compositum 99 

mezerei 116 

picis liquidae 129 

stramonii 150 

sulphuris 151 

sulphuris iodidi 151 

tabaci 152 

veratrise 136 

zinci oxidi benzoati 157 

Uva ursi 154 

Valerian 155 

Valerianate of ammonia ... 156 

Valerianic acid 156 

Vallet's mass 81 



PAGE 

Veratria 136 

Veratrum album 136 

Veratrum viride 136 

Vinum antimonii 32 

colchici radicis 69 

colchici seminis 69 

ergotse 73 

ipecacuanha? 102 

opii 123 

rhei 135 

tabaci 152 

Water 33 

ammonia 24 

ammonia, stronger 24 

camphor 50 

orange-flower 41 

Wax 57 

white and yellow 57 

Weights and measures 159 

W T ild-cherry 133 

Winter-green 59 

Worm-seed 59 

Yeast 79 

Yellow jasmine 86 

Zinc 156 

Zinci acetas 156 

carbonas pra?cipitata 157 

chloridum 156 

oxidum 156 

oxidum venale 156 

sulphas 157 

valerianas 157 

Zincum 156 

Zingiber 158 



